<p>National Botanic Garden of Israel  is a botanical garden located in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem – Mount Scopus campus. it is the first botanical garden in the Land of Israel and records all the wild plants of Israel and the Middle East. The garden is located in the northern part of the Hebrew University campus on Mount Scopus in Jerusalem. around the garden are many burial caves from the Second Temple period. in the western part of the garden is a small amphitheater. The garden is also a Ecological nature reserve and National park it contains: Natural Teaching Center, a Library that is largest botanical library in Israel, and a meteorological station. on the western side of the garden is Trail walk named after the Israeli author Avigdor Hameiri. in the center of the Trail, next to the main entrance is a stone tablet inscribed with his famous song poem "On the summit of Mount Scopus".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>the National botanical garden established in 1931 on the northern side of the Hebrew University on Mount Scopus by Profe. "Otto Warburg" that was the founder of the Department of Botany of the university together the botanist Dr. "Alexander Eig". the garden was the first botanical garden in Land of Israel and the first in the Middle East. The garden was a highlight of the scientific and educational work of botanist Alexander Eig that continued to teach at the university until his death and plant the first tree in the garden. he established the Protect flora of the Land of Israel under Habitat and established his students and colleagues (Michael Zohary and Naomi Feinbrun-Dothan), Dunes tiny riverbank, Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub tiny and the like, including planting native plants. He collected plants in the garden Syria, Turkey, Iraq and Lebanon, brought seedlings from 350 Cedrus s. Further tending botanists as Tuvia Kushnir and Clara Chen.</p><br>
<p>In 1947 was host the "Jerusalem Biblical Zoo", which has been planned to fit in the Botanical Garden. Most of the animals survived the War of Independence, but were starving due to lack of food suitable to their needs. In 1950 an agreement was reached with the Jordanians and the remaining of animals were taken down from the Scopus campus by weekly convoys.</p><br>
<p>until 1967 the garden has been neglected over 19 years, which was Scopus campus implicit in an area under Israeli control that surrounded by Jordan. Garden dug and Contact channels were buried him mine. in 1958 two Israelis soldiers were killed in the garden by Jordanian ambushed, also the "United States Chairman of the Commission" that came to mediate was killed in this incident.</p><br>
<p>the garden situation was deteriorated until in 1980 decided to resume it. In 1988 the garden was inaugurated and since it is a scientific and educational center as well as a relaxation area on campus.</p><br>
<h3>Cave of Nicanor and the National Pantheon of Israel</h3><br>
<p>The Cave of Nicanor is an ancient burial cave from the Second Temple period that discovered in 1902. a sign in cave was marked it as the grave of "Nicanor" who built the doors on the First Temple in Jerusalem. in 1934, the remains of Leon Pinsker from Odessa were reburied in the Nicanor cave at the initiative of Menachem Ussishkin, who envisaged a national pantheon on Mt. Scopus. However, the only other person buried there was Ussishkin himself, who died in 1941. A national leaders plot was established on Mount Herzl after the founding of the state in 1948, in part because Mount Scopus became an enclave in Jordanian-occupied territory.</p><br>
<h2>Galeria</h2><br>
<p>Totuskey Creek is a tributary of the Rappahannock River located in Richmond County, Virginia. The creek meets the river near Wellford, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The creek served as the eastern border of Rappahannock Tribe lands. In the 1650s, when colonists began settling along the river, the Rappahannock withdrew from the southern bank; their weroance Accopatough deeded the land east of Totuskey Creek to settlers just before he died in April 1651. His successor Taweeren confirmed the deed in May.</p><br>
<p>In 1730, a tobacco inspection site was located here. According to the Tobacco Inspection Act the inspection was "At Naylor&#39;s Hole, upon William Fantleroy&#39;s land, where his prise houses now are; and the mouth of Totaskey, at Newman Brokenborough&#39;s landing, in Richmond County; both under one inspection."</p><br>
<p>On September 6, 1778, Baptist minister Lewis Lunsford baptised Robert Carter III in the waters of this creek.</p><br>
<p>Albulae is an ancient city and former bishopric in Roman Africa. It remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church. It is identified with the modern town of Ain Temouchent, in present Algeria, near the Moroccan border.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Albulae was initially important enough in the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis to become one of the suffragans of the Metropolitan Archbishopric for its capital, Caesarea Mauretaniae. However, its influence gradually waned.</p><br>
<h2>Titular bishopric</h2><br>
<p>The diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as a Latin titular bishopric.</p><br>
<p>Titular bishops of Albulae, of the lowest (episcopal) rank, with an archiepiscopal exception, have been :</p><br>
<p>Percival Caza (1948.08.11 – 1966.09.22), later Bishop of Valleyfield, Quebec</p><br>
<p>Titular archbishop Edward Daniel Howard (1966.12.09 – 1983.01.02), as emeritate; previously Titular Bishop of Isauropolis (1923.12.23 – 1926.04.30), Auxiliary Bishop of Davenport (USA) (1923.12.23 – 1926.04.30), Metropolitan Archbishop of Oregon City (1926.04.30 – 1928.09.26),</p><br>
<p>Metropolitan Archbishop of Portland in Oregon (USA) (1928.09.26 – 1966.12.09)</p><br>
<p>Vicente Credo Manuel, Divine Word Missionaries (S.V.D.) (1983.03.17 – 2007.08.18)</p><br>
<p>João Carlos Seneme, Stigmatines (C.S.S.) (2007.10.17 – 2013.06.26), later Bishop of Toledo, Parana, Brazil</p><br>
<p>Marco Eugênio Galrão Leite de Almeida (2013.09.25 -... ), Auxiliary Bishop of São Salvador da Bahia (Brazil)</p><br>
<p>The Gates House is a historic house museum at 344 Port Road  in Machiasport, Maine. Built in 1807, it is a remarkably high-quality Federal period house built in what was then a frontier area. The house is now owned by the Machiasport Historical Society, which uses it as its headquarters and museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Gates House is located between Port Road and the Machias River in the village center of Machiasport, a short way south of Liberty Hall. It is set on a steeply sloping lot directly on the bank of the river, presenting two stories to the street and three to the river. It is an L-shaped wood frame structure, with a hip roof and clapboard siding. The main entrance is set near the crook of the L, flanked by pilasters and topped by an entablature. Windows are small-paned sash, with minimally decorative surrounds, and there are three chimneys. The interior has seen much alteration over the building&#39;s history, and only the first floor room layout approximates the original configuration. There are no fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>When the house was built in 1807, it was one of the few houses in the immediate area. It was probably built by Nathaniel Phinney, Sr., and was purchased by Nathan Gates in 1813. Gates operated wharves adjacent to the house, which became a transshipment point for lumber arriving on the Whitneyville Railroad and sent to market via coasting schooners. The house remained in the hands of the Gates family until 1929. In 1966 it was acquired by the Machiasport Historical Society, which uses it as its headquarters and museum.</p><br>
<p>The Salmon Falls  Historic District encompasses a cluster of well-preserved buildings built before 1840, and located on the Hollis, Maine side of the rural village of Salmon Falls. In addition to its architectural significance, the area is also noted for its association with the author Kate Douglas Wiggin, whose home, Quillcote, is in the district, as is the Salmon Falls Library, established by her efforts in 1911. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Salmon Falls area, divided between Buxton and Hollis by the Saco River, developed beginning in the late 18th century as a modest agricultural area, and the falls on the river, for which it is named, were developed in the second quarter of the 19th century with small scale industrial operations. The road that is now Maine State Route 117 was the main road in the area leading north from the port of Saco, and became the focus for development on the Buxton side of the village. One of the first settlers on the west side of the River, Isaac Lane, paid to have a bridge built across the river (roughly now the location of United States Route 202) c. 1794. The area saw growth in the second quarter of the 19th century, but declined economically thereafter, limiting further development.</p><br>
<p>The historic district covers about 13 acre, and extends along Salmon Falls Road north from its junction with US 202, including only the Salmon Falls Library on the south side of that road. The oldest houses in the district are those of Isaac Lane and Jabez Bradbury, both built in the 1790s. The former is a well-preserved Federal style wood frame house, while the latter, now also known as the Kate Douglas Wiggin House or "Quillcote", has been significantly altered with the addition of a Greek Revival ell. Most of the remaining houses are 1-1/2 or 2-1/2 story wood frame houses built in the 1820s, with Greek Revival styling. There is one brick house, the Moses Dunn House, built in the 1830s, which occupies a picturesque site overlooking the Saco River. The Salmon Falls Library is located in the district&#39;s only surviving non-residential building, built as a shop in the 1820s, and converted into a kindergarten and library by Kate Douglas Wiggin and her sister Nora Smith in 1911.</p><br>
<p>Kate Douglas Wiggin was a noted writer of children&#39;s books. First exposed to the Salmon Falls area as a child, she purchased the Jabez Bradbury House in 1905 (it was the ancestral home of her stepfather), which became her home for the rest of her life. The library she and her sister founded was given to the town upon their deaths.</p><br>
<p>The Flyway Club is a historic shooting club at 221 Marsh Causeway in Knotts Island, North Carolina. Located on more than 400 acre facing Currituck Sound on the west side of Knotts Island, it is one of the oldest surviving fowl hunting clubs in the state. Its main lodge was built about 1920, and rebuilt in a near replica in 1960 after being destroyed by fire. The lodge also includes a large U-shaped farm building, also built about 1920, that housed the club staff and farming equipment. The club was established by Ogden Mills Reid, and remained in the Reid family until 2013, when it was acquired by the Conservation Fund.</p><br>
<p>Twenty-six acres of the club&#39;s property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. John and Gerda Meyer House is an International Style designed home, in an appropriate setting on the ridge of sand dune in the lakeside resort community of Beverly Shores, Indiana. The house has a lower level that opens to the rear  side of the dune; the house&#39;s main level is located at the top of the dune and overlooks Lake Michigan, which is to its north. A small patio is located on the north side of the house. A staircase that is made of wood connects the patio to the base of the sand dune and Lake Front Drive. A concrete driveway and terraced wood steps connect the south side of the house to Fairwater Drive, at the base of the sand dune.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The lot straddles a sand dune on the south side of West Lake Front Drive. Dr. Meyer and Mr. Harold Olin, the architect for the house, planted 1,000 saplings on the lot after the house was constructed. These included several white pine trees. The intent was for native vegetation to protect the dune from erosion. A wood staircase is located on the north slope of the sand dune. It connects the house to the street below; however it is badly deteriorated.</p><br>
<p>Flagstones were placed on the ground on the north side of the house to create a small patio area. Flagstones were used for a path and stepping-stones around the northwest and northeast corners. A knoll has a terrace wall composed of flagstones on the east side of the brick wall.</p><br>
<p>A short concrete sidewalk is on the east side of the house supported by brick walls that are part of the house&#39;s lower level walls. The stone path connects the steps to the parking area on the south side of the house. A retaining wall composed of flagstones is located on the east side of the steps and stone path.</p><br>
<p>The south side of the house has a concrete parking area between the house and Fairwater Drive. The parking area is steeply pitched because it is on the side of the dune. A long walkway composed of terraced wood steps leads from the house to the base of the sand dune. It has wood posts on its west side; the posts once had a rope handrail.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>This forms a "base" on which the main level appears to float. The main level is covered with redwood heartwood siding, installed vertically and stained to mimic weathered driftwood. There are large sections of glass windows and doors. The windows and doors have thin metal sashes and wood casings. A tall trim board separates the lower level from the main level between the brick walls and wood siding. The roof appears like a flat plane. The roof is supported by wood rafters spaced 10 ft on center. The rafters continue through the tops of the walls and support wide overhanging eaves. The owners used the roof as a roof-top deck for viewing the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Gary, Ghita "County House, City Comforts". Chicago Sunday Sun-Times. C. 1962, publication date and page unknown. The article was incorporated into Olin&#39;s book on the Meyer house.</p><br>
<p>Curtis, William J. R. Modern Architecture Since 1900. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982.</p><br>
<p>McAlester, Virginia & Lee. A Field Guide to American Houses. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006.</p><br>
<p>Meyer, Dr. John H. Surviving Against All Odds. Self-published through Xlibris Corporation, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Olin, Harold B. The Irene Herlocker Meyer House. Self-published, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Hitchcock, Henry-Russell & Johnson, Phillip, The International Style: Architecture Since 1922. New York, NY. W.W. Norton, 1932.</p><br>
<p>Simmons, Miriam. Correspondence with the daughter of Dr. John and Gerda Meyer, April, 2012.</p><br>
<p>Slupski, Janice, Easf Lake Front Determination of Eligibility Report: Recreational and Residential Development of the Indiana Dunes. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, 1996.</p><br>
<p>Powell&#39;s Creek is a tributary of the James River on the south side of the James River in Prince George County, Virginia, United States. The creek borders James River National Wildlife Refuge near Garysville, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>In 1730, a tobacco inspection site was located here. According to the Tobacco Inspection Act, the inspection was "In Prince George; at Appamatox Point, upon Col. Bolling&#39;s land; on Col. Robert Mumford&#39;s land; and Powel&#39;s Creek; upon Mr. Bland&#39;s land, under one inspection."</p><br>
<p>According to a State of Virginia historical marker, "The creek ... was named for Nathaniel Powell, acting governor in 1619. Weyanoke Indian town was here. Nearby was the site of an old mill, known in the Revolution as Bland&#39;s, and later, Cocke&#39;s Mill. The British General Phillips passed here May, 1781. Here Grant&#39;s army, after crossing the James, turned towards Petersburg, June, 1864."</p><br>
<p>Cobbosseecontee Lake, also known as Cobbossee Lake, is a lake located in the towns of Litchfield, Manchester, Monmouth, West Gardiner, and Winthrop Maine. It is the largest lake in the Winthrop Lakes Region at 100 ft deep, covering about 8.7 square miles in surface area, a length of 9 mi, and a shoreline of 62 mi. The word Cobbosseecontee translates to "plenty of sturgeon" in Wabanaki.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Cobbossee Lake is known for its coves, inlets, and over two dozen islands. It also has the only active inland waters lighthouse in Maine, Ladies Delight Light. The 25-foot high lighthouse, constructed in 1908, is under the ownership and care of the Cobbosseecontee Yacht Club. Founded in 1904, the club is one of the oldest continually operating inland yacht clubs in the United States. The lighthouse marks the northern edge of a jagged underwater reef that runs down the middle of the lake. The archipelago of islands and exposed ledges are the visible high points of that reef. A state-owned public launch is located on the southwest shore of the lake in East Monmouth. Low hills and ridges surround the lake, and Monks Hill and Allen Hill rise a few miles north of the lake, while a gray line of hills form a barrier near Sabattus. There are many year-round homes and cottages along the shoreline, but there is much less development on the islands in the middle of North Bay. Just south of Belle Island sits a 50-yard long ledge.</p><br>
<h3>Fishing</h3><br>
<p>The lake is nationally recognized as one of the top bass-fishing lakes in America due to its impressive largemouth population. Many of Maine&#39;s largest bass come from Cobbossee. There are also many other different types of popular fish that you can find in Cobbosseecontee, which include brook trout, brown trout, rainbow smelt, white perch, yellow perch, bullheads, sunfish and crappie. Two of the most popular bass fishing locations on the lake are the lily pond and Horseshoe Island.</p><br>
<h2>Camp</h2><br>
<p>The lake is home to Camp Cobbossee, Camp Kippewa, Pilgrim Lodge, and the YMCA Camp of Maine.</p><br>
<p>Croil Island is a 796 acre uninhabited island on the St. Lawrence River in the Town of Louisville in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States. The island is currently occupied by the undeveloped Croil Island State Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was considered British territory prior to 1818, at which time ownership was officially transferred to the United States.</p><br>
<p>Croil Island is named for a Scottish family that farmed upon the island in the mid-1800s. Prior to the purchase of the island in 1835 by William Croil, the island was known as Stacey Island.</p><br>
<p>A land claim brought by the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe in the early 1980s sought to reclaim Croil Island and additional lands in northern New York. A 2013 ruling by the USA District Court for the Northern District of New York dismissed the tribe&#39;s claim to the island, but upheld some of their claims elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>Croil Island has been alternately known as Baxter Island, Grand Eddy Island, Ile au Chamailles, Stacy Island, Tsiiowenokwakarate, and Upper Sault Island. The island has historically been home to several large farms, but no concentrated settlements.</p><br>
<h2>Croil Island State Park</h2><br>
<p>Croil Island today hosts Croil Island State Park, an undeveloped state park maintained by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation and owned by the New York Power Authority. The island is popular with outdoor enthusiasts, although problems with littering and illegal camping led to warning signs being posted on the island in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Doubtful Islands are a group of three small islands located approximately 3 km offshore of Point Hood and approximately 20 km east of Bremer Bay in Western Australia.</p><br>
<p>The islands occupy an area of approximately 170 hectare and are found at the southern end of Doubtful Islands Bay in the Great Southern region.</p><br>
<p>The islands were named by George Vancouver in 1791, the name derived from his being doubtful that these were islands at all. Matthew Flinders confirmed that the group were islands in 1802 while on expedition in the area.</p><br>
<p>Two whaling stations were established around the islands in 1837, one by George Cheyne and the other by Thomas Booker Sherratt.</p><br>
<p>John Thomas, the owner of a whaling fleet based at Cheyne Beach, often hunted for right whales around Doubtful Islands in October and November in the early 1860s. Another whaler named John MacKenzie lost two of his crew off Doubtful Islands when attacked by a small whale.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, nine badly gashed sperm whales were washed up on reefs near the island. Six of the whales were dead and the others had to be euthanatised.</p><br>
<p>New Zealand fur seals are known to inhabit the island although the population has nearly halved between 1999 and 2011 despite an overall population increase along the south coast of Western Australia.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate Armory Site, a.k.a. Jones, McElwain and Company Iron Foundry, is a historic site in Holly Springs, Mississippi, USA. It contains the scant ruins of the foundry built there in 1859, converted to an armory in 1861 by the Confederate States Army, used as a hospital by the Union Army in November 1862, and razed by the Confederates a month later.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The site is located in Holly Springs, a small town in Marshall County, Northern Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was established in 1859 as the headquarters of the Jones, McElwain and Company Iron Foundry, The foundry also made iron used on slave plantations. The headquarters included several buildings and outbuildings, a foundry chimney, and ponds whose water was used by the foundry.</p><br>
<p>In 1861, at the outset of the American Civil War which lasted until 1865, Wallace S. McElwain turned the foundry into an armory for the Confederate States Army. The foundry was commissioned by the government of the Confederate States of America to make 20,000 USA Model 1841-designed rifles and 10,000 USA Model 1842-designed muskets. They were also commissioned to make 5,000 rifles for the state of Mississippi. No arms bearing the marks of the foundry have been found, it is therefore believed that the foundry was able only to repair and convert existing arms before it was in danger of being overrun after the Battle of Shiloh. The equipment was moved to Macon, Georgia, the weapons on hand were sent to Grenada, Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>On November 13, 1862, the Union Army invaded Holly Springs, and Union Major Horace R. Witz turned the armory into a hospital for Northern soldiers. It was also used as a storage facility for medical supplies used by Northerners. However, on December 20, 1862, Confederate General Earl Van Dorn burned down the site.</p><br>
<p>The site remained untouched until 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage significance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 11, 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Drexel Estate, also known as Gripsholm Manor, is a historic summer estate in Islesboro, Maine. Built in 1903 and located on The Bluffs, a point on the east shore of the island community, it is an excellent example of medieval Tudor Revival architecture. It was built for George W. Drexel, son of banker Anthony J. Drexel and a regional innovator in the design and engineering of high-speed power boats. His estate was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Islesboro occupies an eponymous island in Maine&#39;s Penobscot Bay that has two lobes divided by a narrow neck. On the eastern side of the northern lobe projects an anvil-shaped peninsula, whose southern tip, known as The Bluffs, marks the northern side of Ryder Cove. Set in the interior of this peninsula is Gripsholm Manor, a sprawling Tudor Revival mansion. It is 2-1/2 stories in height, with wood framing and an exterior finished in wooden shingles. Its massing is asymmetrical, and has a variety of projecting sections and dormers that lend variety to its appearance. Notable is a projecting square corner section topped by a pyramidal roof. The main entrance portico has a gabled roof with half-timbering in the gable. The ocean-facing east side has two large shingle-walled porches. The interior is comparatively stark in appearance, with a relatively plain central staircase and a large rustic fireplace in its northern parlor. The building has a large number of bathrooms, most with period fixtures.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by the noted architectural firm Peabody & Stearns, and was completed in 1903 for George William Child Drexel, one of the sons of Philadelphia banker and financier Anthony J. Drexel. It is one of only 22 known commissions by the firm in Maine. Drexel was a longtime summer resident, especially noted for the high-speed power boats in which he motored around the bay. Despite his wealthy upbringing, Drexel was deeply involved in the mechanics of gasoline-powered boat engines.</p><br>
<p>The Wood Freeman House No. 2 is a historic house at 703 West Race Street in Searcy, Arkansas. It is a 1-1/2 story structure, with a wood frame and exterior finish of brick, stucco, and coral. It is basically rectangular in shape, with a projecting gable section at the left end, and a center entrance sheltered by a broad gable-roofed porch. A fieldstone chimney rises just to the right of the entrance. Built about 1935, it is a good local example of English Revival architecture. It is one of two such houses built by local builder Wood Freeman, the other is at 702 Arch Street.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. however, the structure is still standing. https://www.google.com/maps/@35.2508707,-91.7444721,3a,37.5y,202.69h,88.25t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sXr2rQRmQZF0073dN6MrJAQ!2e0!7i13312!8i6656</p><br>
<p>Walter Place is a historic mansion in Holly Springs, Mississippi, USA. Built in 1860 for pro-Union Harvey Washington Walter, the President of the Mississippi Central Railroad, the mansion was the temporary home of Union General Ulysses Grant and his wife Julia Grant during the American Civil War of 1861-1865. Later, it was the summer residence of Oscar Johnson, Jr., the co-founder of the International Shoe Company. A combination of Greek Revival and Gothic Revival architectural styles, it was the most expensive house in Mississippi on the market in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The mansion is located at 300 West Chulahoma Avenue in Holly Springs, a small town in Marshall County, Northern Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the two-storey mansion began in 1857, and it was completed in 1860. The architect was Spires Boling. He designed it as a combination of Greek Revival and Gothic Revival architectural styles. It has a portico with four Corinthian columns flanked by octagonal turrets on both sides. The tympanum of each tower has lunette windows.</p><br>
<p>It was built for Colonel Harvey Washington Walter, During the American Civil War of 1861-1865, Walter, who was opposed to secession, invited Union General Ulysses Grant to live in the house. Moreover, the house could not be ransacked. As a result, it was used by Confederate personnel and intelligence officers.</p><br>
<p>Other sources, including Julia Grants memoirs, give a slightly different version of events saying that she had left Holly Springs before Van Dorn and his troops arrived. Some of the troops attempted to remove her personal belongings from the house, but were prevented by Mrs. Pugh Govan, who was looking after Walter Place. Julia Grants carriage was burned and her horses taken, but this would have been in line with Van Dorn&#39;s plan to remove or destroy anything in the area that may have benefited the Union army.</p><br>
<p>A decade later, during the yellow fever epidemic of 1878, the mansion was used as a quarantine hospital for patients. Colonel Walter and three of his sons died from the disease that year and the mansion was then inherited by his widow, Fredonia. In 1889, it was purchased by her son-in-law, Oscar Johnson, husband of daughter Irene. Johnson was a co-founder of Roberts, Johnson & Rand Shoe Company, a shoe company in St. Louis, Missouri later known as the International Shoe Company. The Johnsons added a formal landscape garden and summered at the mansion. In 1903, they hired German-born architect Theodore C. Link to remodel the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, two years after Johnson&#39;s death, his widow sold the house to A. M. Green.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>As a contributing property to the Southwest Holly Springs Historic District, it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 20, 1983.</p><br>
<p>Wakefield is a historic mansion in Holly Springs, Mississippi, USA.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The house is located in Holly Springs, a small town in Marshall County, Northern Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The two-storey mansion was built with red bricks and completed in 1858. It was designed in the Greek Revival architectural style, with four Corinthian columns. It was built for Joel E. Wynne, a "prominent merchant and contractor." By 1890, the owner lost the house in a poker game.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was used as the main setting in Like Unto Like, a novel by Southern author Sherwood Bonner.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>As a contributing property to the East Holly Springs Historic District,</p><br>
<p>Sarstoon Island is an island near the mouth of the Sarstoon River along the Belize–Guatemala border. It is part of the Toledo District of Belize. The island is mostly swampland and is uninhabited. It covers approximately 0.68 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Although the island is administered by Belize, Guatemala has made claims to the island as part of the Belizean–Guatemalan territorial dispute. According to the Wyke-Aycinena Treaty of 1859, "any islands which may be found shall belong to that Party on whose side of the main navigable channel they are situated." In 1860, commissioners for British Honduras (now Belize) and Guatemala surveyed the Sarstoon River and found that the river&#39;s current predominantly passed to the south of the island, making it part of the territory of British Honduras.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the government of Belize announced its intentions to build a forward operating base for the Belize Coast Guard on Sarstoon Island. Due to logistical concerns, however, the government decided to build the base on the mainland instead.</p><br>
<p>Einsiedlerhaus is a historic building with an adjoint garden which is part of the former town wall of the medieval Swiss town of Rapperswil in the Canton of St. Gallen.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Situated on the shore of Zürichsee lake, Einsiedlerhaus is the eastern extension of the fortification of a neighbouring Capuchin friary (German: Kapuzinerkloster) in the so-called Endingen area, located below the Lindenhof hill. The building is separated from the monastery by a tower gate named Endingertor, and also houses one of the rose gardens in Rapperswil.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was probably built in the 13th century, or maybe two centuries earlier. The Zürichsee lake shore area of Endingen was given by the Einsiedeln Abbey to the Counts of Rapperswil as a fief – the abbey is still owner of the land, including the area where the 16th-century Capuchin friary was built. Thats why the building traditionally was named Einsiedlerhaus, meaning "house of the Einsiedeln abbey". Historians mention a 10th-century ferry station located there – in 981 AD as well as the vineyard on the Lindenhof hill – between Kempraten on Kempratnerbucht, Lützelau and Ufenau islands and presumably present Hurden, which allowed the pilgrims towards Einsiedeln to cross the lake before the prehistoric lake crossing at the Seedamm isthmus was re-built between 1358 and 1360. Endingen was also the location of the former locus Endingen, meaning a small fishing village before the town of Rapperswil was established between 1200 and 1220. Thats why some historians conclude that the Einsiedlerhaus may be the oldest stone building in present Rapperswil. The western lake shore town wall respectively fortifications of Rapperswil probably were built in the early 13th century by Rudolf II von Rapperswil. With the rise of the town, the monastic governor in Pfäffikon used the building as storage of goods that were sold at the Rapperswil market.</p><br>
<p>When the monastery was built, the fortification was extended from 1603 to the western tip of the peninsula, and the Einsiedlerhaus since then is situated within the city walls. Nevertheless, the fortress section with the adjoining semi-circular tower Endingerturm, since 1597 with the passage in the present-day Capuchin monastery garden, is the most historically significant remain of the former city fortifications.</p><br>
<p>With the consecration of the Capuchin monastery in 1610, the building was given by the Einsiedeln abbott Augustin Hofmann to the Capuchin monastery. Since 1660 or 1669 the Capuchin monks were allowed to use the building as a wool mill, from March 1670 to summer 1693 as a walk-mill that produced 16 quintals wool a year. In 1718 the operation as mill went over to the town of Rapperswil, which the products exported to Southern Germany. In 1895 the weaving was mechanized and in 1914 electrified. As the Capuchin monk Christian Endres, the last woolen cloth weaver in the Rapperswil monastery, died in 1971, the monastic tradition extinct after exactly 300 years. The adjoint garden was used by the Capuchin monks as an orchard until 1972, when the garden went over to the city of Rapperswil.</p><br>
<p>In compensation, an agreement dated 6 February 1975 between the Einsiedeln Abbey (owner), the city of Rapperswil (leaser) and the Capuchin monastery (former leaser), certifies that Rapperswil solemnly replaces the Capuchin&#39;s fruit loss in natura – every autumn a fruit farmer from neighbouring the Feldbach village delivers 50 kg apples, with the consent of the Benedictine monastery Einsiedeln as owner of the building, for which the Capuchins have to deliver a symbolic annual loan of one Swiss Franc. Since 2012 the building houses a youth musical school; a contract was concluded between Rapperswil, the Einsiedeln abbey and the association proMusicante to lease the building for 25 years.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Einsiedlerhaus</h3><br>
<p>Probably in 1610 AD, on occasion of the construction of the Kapuzinerkloster, the three storey building was renewed as the engraving 1610 may suggest. After a fire the building got its present appearance in 1717,</p><br>
<h3>Endingertor</h3><br>
<p>Endingerturm respectively since about 1597 in fact Endingertor is one of four remaining towers of the medieval fortifications of Rapperswil. Until 1610 the present gate tower and Einsiedlerhaus formed a bulwark that was protecting the inner harbor, now Fischmarktplatz, flanked by palisades at the westerly Endingerhorn where in the 1660s a lakeside battery was built. The architectural history of the shell tower in the south of the Schlossberg area is largely unclear, but assumably Count Rudolf II or his son attached it around 1220 to the Einsiedlerhaus (that probably was built much earlier) when the southern city wall in the first construction phase towards Hauptplatz at the Rathaus Rapperswil was built. Endingerturm formed until 1597 the western end of the lakeside fortification when a breakthrough was taken to fortify the present Endingerhorn. Whether the half-tower was originally built open or closed on the city facing side, is also unknown.</p><br>
<h2>Haus der Musik</h2><br>
<p>Since the building was no more used as a mill, the following decades there were done some studies for a new intended usage. Haus der Musik is a youth music school provided by the proMusicante association and started teaching in September 2012. The structural maintenance and loan has to be paid to the monastery of Einsiedeln as it owns the building. In 2011 the contract was conducted between the city of Rapperswil and proMusicante to house the school up to 25 years, as well as by the Jugendmusikschule Rapperswil-Jona which was looking for new rooms.</p><br>
<h2>Rose garden</h2><br>
<p>In the same year when the Einsiedeln Abbey ended the contract that the Capuchins allowed to use the adjoing garden as orchard, the city transformed it into a rose garden to enlarge the neighbouring gardens on Lindenhof hill (Schlossberg). The fountain in the garden is a gift by the surrounding municipalities on occasion of Rapperswils 750th anniversary; an old fountain bowl made of Jurassic limestone, skillfully restored and remodeled.</p><br>
<p>Garfield Peak is a mountain peak on the south end of Crater Lake in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. The top of the peak reaches 7,976 ft above sea level. The peak has a 1,000 ft elevation trail to the summit from the Crater Lake lodge, one of the most popular hiking sites surrounding the lake. The 1.7 mile trail continues East toward Applegate peak . The peak is one of seven peaks on Crater Lake&#39;s rim to rise above 8,000 ft.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Garfield Peak was named in honor of James Rudolph Garfield, the Secretary of Interior for President Teddy Roosevelt, who created the national park in 1902.</p><br>
<p>Garfield visited the park in 1907, the first cabinet member to visit Crater Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Garfield Peak was created after Mount Mazama, a large stratovolcano, erupted violently approximately 7,700 years ago, formed on the rim of its caldera which now contains Crater Lake. The walls along the southern rim of Crater Lake have had a peculiar influence from sulfur steams coming off fumaroles, which color the rock especially on Garfield Peak, the Eagle Crags and Applegate trail. The rock color frequently changes from shades of red, brown, to yellow. The reds and browns of the igneous rocks tend to be a result of the initial stages of rock decay and the inevitable pigments made by a long-standing combination of oxygen, iron, and water.</p><br>
<p>This combination of iron oxide with water forms a resulting chemical compound called mineral limonite, which has a brown color. When the iron oxide combines with more diluted amounts of water, the resulting color is yellow. In the cases where no water has entered into the reaction, the color of the resulting rock is red, forming the mineral hematite. In some areas, soluble and insoluble iron compounds mix with each other producing a greenish color rock. All these colors of rock with varying shades based on various stages of dilution can be seen on Garfield Peak, including its trailside.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Garfiel Peak is covered by mountain hemlock and Shasta red fir, while whitebark pine and subalpine fir can be found at higher altitudes towards the summit. American pikas and yellow-bellied marmots can be found upon the rocky slopes along the trail.</p><br>
<h3>Birds</h3><br>
<p>Birds and bird songs are prominent on Garfield Peak. The song of Thurber&#39;s Junco is of interest, which tends to breed on the mountains of Southern Oregon. The bird resembles the Oregon Junco with head, throat and breast of deep black but with longer wings and tail and the sides of the bird are more buff than pink. They can be seen perched and singing or females can be seen hopping through the rocks and grassy meadows in search of insects and seeds. Their nest can be seen carefully hidden under the leaves of the trailing black currant.</p><br>
<h2>Garfield Peak trail</h2><br>
<p>The Garfiel Peak trail is a hiking route that travels over or parallels the westernmost stretch of the southern rim of Crater Lake. Most of the northern ridges of the trail has views of the lake and its two islands. The trail is non-paved and runs 1.7 mi from the Crater Lake Lodge up a moderate rated ascension gain of 1122 feet of elevation up to Garfield Peak. From Garfield Peak the trail has access to continue to a relative plain section of Crater Lake Southernmost ridge past Eagle Crags towards Applegate Peak.</p><br>
<p>The trailhead is well marked on the Eastern side of Crater Lake Lodge and begins with a section of paved corridors that have viewing access to the lake. The trail slowly turns fully eastward over the northernmost ridge of Garfield Peak up to the summit.</p><br>
<p>The Jabez Knowlton Store is a historic commercial building on Maine State Route 9 in Newburgh, Maine. Built in 1839, it is a well-preserved example of commercial Greek Revival architecture in a rural context. It is more significant for its well-preserved collection of goods dating to the early 20th century, preserved by the Knowlton family after the store&#39;s last proprietor died in 1910. The property, open by appointment as a museum, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Knowlton Store is located on the south side of Maine State Route 9, west of Newburgh&#39;s rural village center, and just east of the Knowlton family cemetery. It is now set back from the road, behind a row of trees, a site to which it was moved in 1957. It is a 1-1/2 story rectangular wood frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof, clapboard siding, and fieldstone foundation. The north-facing front has a centered entrance, with sash windows to either side, and a pair of sash windows in the gable. A single chimney rises from the rear of the building. The interior of the building retains original mid-19th century store fixtures, its shelves lined with goods from the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The store was built in 1839 by Jabez Knowlton, a man with a diversity of business endeavours, and the store was operated for more than 70 years by members of the Knowlton family. When its last owner died quite suddenly in 1910, his widow closed the store, leaving its stock essentially intact. The store property was kept up by the Knowltons through the 20th century, and was moved to its present location by Amos Kimball in 1957, setting it back from the road. It is now a museum property, open by appointment.</p><br>
<p>The Sanford-Springvale Historic Museum is located at 505 Main Street  in the Springvale village of Sanford, Maine. It is located in the Former Sanford Town Hall, built in 1873 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007, and is operated by the Sanford-Springvale Historical Society&#39;.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The museum is located on the south side of Main Street in Springvale, opposite Merrill Street. It is a single-story wood frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. Its front (north-facing) facade is symmetrically arranged, with a center entrance sheltered by a bracketed Italianate hood, and sash windows to either side and above in the gable. The windows are topped by heavy modillioned lintels. The building&#39;s corners are pilasters, and there are broad friezes under the eaves and raking edges of the gable. The interior of the building has a foyer area that opens into large hall, with a stage at the far end. A keystoned proscenium arch frames the stage, supported by engaged columns.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built in 1873, to serve as Sanford&#39;s second town hall and as a public meeting hall. It served in these roles until 1908, when the town offices were moved to a new building in Sanford village. Originally without a stage, the building was enlarged in 1903 to include one, and about 1913 a gallery was built above the foyer. It continued to serve as a community meeting space until the 1960s. It was then used for about 40 years as a gymnasium by Sanford Springvale Youth Athletic Association, its interior space modified to house a basketball court. In 2005 the building was acquired by the local historical society, which has restored its exterior to its original 1873 appearance, and its interior to c. 1913, with the hall now primarily used for museum exhibits and meetings.</p><br>
<p>The Speas Vinegar Company is a historic industrial facility at 2921 North Tryon Street in Charlotte, North Carolina. The facility consists of a two-story brick manufacturing and office building, to which is attached a single-story brick warehouse. The buildings principal decorative embellishments are brick pilasters separating the window bays, topped by cast stone caps. Built in 1939, it is a good local example of early 20th-century fireproof industrial construction. It was built by the Speas Vinegar Company, founded in 1888, and was operated by that company and its successors, H. J. Heinz and Fleischmanns Vinegar Company, until 1994.</p><br>
<p>The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. Currently, the building is used by NoDa Brewing Company as a brewery and tasting room.</p><br>
<p>William Landsberg House is a historic home located on a hill in a wooded area of Port Washington in Nassau County, New York. It was designed by architect William Landsberg for himself and his family.</p><br>
<p>The rectangular house with a flat roof features vertical cypress panels which cover the garage and second story, which cantilevers over the first story by 3 feet on the north and south sides. Custom-sized large windows, a few of which are floor to ceiling, ornament the facades creating an open feeling in the living and dining room.</p><br>
<p>The house was modified in 1962-1963 to add nine feet, allowing expansion of the kitchen and living room; the rear porch was also replaced with the current stone patio. The house has been unchanged since then. Landsberg lived in the house until his death in 2013. The Landsberg house is considered a significant example of Bauhaus style Modern Architecture created in the United States, and as such was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 18, 2014.</p><br>
<p>Landsberg was not well known nationally, but was active on the east coast and particularly on Long Island. He was a graduate student at Harvard under Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer, and worked professionally with both men during his career.</p><br>
<p>The Old Gympie Post Office is a heritage-listed former post office at 22 Channon Street, Gympie, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1878 to 1880 by Andrew Collins. It is also known as My Country. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gympie Post Office was erected between 1878 and 1880 and is a substantial two-storeyed masonry structure. It was the third Post Office built in Gympie and was designed by F D G Stanley in his capacity as Queensland Colonial Architect. It is one of eleven similarly designed Post Offices erected throughout Queensland during the period 1878 - 1898.</p><br>
<p>Francis Drummond Greville Stanley emigrated to Queensland in 1861 and worked as an architect for the Lands Department before entering private practice. In 1863, he became clerk of works in the Office of the Colonial Architect and was appointed as Superintendent of Roads and Buildings in 1871. When the Roads and Buildings branches divided in 1873, Stanley was appointed Colonial Architect, a position he held until 1881, making him Queensland&#39;s longest serving Colonial Architect. He was a prolific worker and designed many buildings throughout the state, including public buildings and those commissioned privately.</p><br>
<p>Queensland&#39;s first post master was appointed in 1842, and the first mail service was established in 1845. By 1859, there were fifteen post offices through Queensland, although some of these were in privately owned buildings. In the 1860s, telegraph stations were established linking most towns to Brisbane and this resulted in many more telegraph offices than post offices being established. The two bodies amalgamated in 1879 and continued to be operated by the Queensland Government until Federation in 1901 when they came under the control of the Federal Government.</p><br>
<p>The town of Gympie was established after the discovery of gold in the area by James Nash in 1867. At this stage, the new colony of Queensland was in dire financial trouble, and a reward was offered to anyone who discovered gold. Nash received the reward of £3,000 and the rush to the Gympie gold field began. By 1869, the town now known as Gympie had a population of many thousands. It was established so rapidly that by the time the official surveyors arrived in 1868, a substantial amount of the town had already been laid out. This resulted in the town being laid out in an irregular pattern, following the topography of the land and the mining sites, rather than the orthogonal grid pattern familiar to most Queensland towns.</p><br>
<p>In 1867, Post Master General, Thomas Murray-Prior reported to Parliament that complaints were being received concerning the lack of facilities at Gympie. It was decided to establish a postal service and in 1867, E H Booth took up service as Gympie&#39;s first post master. An auctioneer and estate agent, Booth was not officially appointed, but was classed as an allowance officer, indicating that the demand was not great enough to necessitate the appointment of a full-time post master. Booth ran the post office from a shop in Mary Street, and the service rapidly expanded in the first two years.</p><br>
<p>In 1868, an official postmaster was appointed, making the evolution of the postal service from part-time to an official service the most rapid in the history of the colony. The new service opened in Gympie&#39;s second post office building. However the gold rush continued to bring an influx of people to Gympie and the postal service developed accordingly, rendering the second post office building inadequate in a very short time.</p><br>
<p>A portion of land was set aside for a new Post Office on the corner of Duke and Channon Streets on what was then known as Commissioner&#39;s Hill. Due to its remoteness from the centre of the town, this location received strong protest from the residents of Gympie and a petition of five hundred signatures was sent to the Minister of Works. However, this was ignored by the Government and the erection of the new Post Office proceeded on the reserved site. Tenders for the new building were called on May 9, 1878 and two were received. Both were beyond the expected cost and negotiations were made with the lowest tenderer, Andrew Collins. This included the reduction of the length of the building from 96 feet to 76 feet. The contract was signed on August 23, 1878, however, the building was not completed in the specified time due to bad weather and a lack of skilled labour.</p><br>
<p>The building was finally completed in 1880 and included space for the Post Office, the Land Commissioner, the Telegraph Office and accommodation for the Post Master and his family. The building was arranged with space downstairs for the Post and Telegraph Offices, each with separate entrances from the verandah. The Land Commissioner was located at the Channon Street end of the building on the ground and first floors, with access from Channon Street. The remaining space was used by the Post Master as his residence and included most of the first floor and a ground level sitting room at the rear of the main building. An additional kitchen and bedroom were located in a separate wing at the rear of the main building.</p><br>
<p>In 1898, after the Land Commissioner was relocated, tenders were called for alterations and additions to the Post Office. These included the removal of the stair at the Channon Street end of the building, an additional room at the rear of the building and the alteration of the first level Land Commissioners office to an additional bedroom and sitting room. These alterations necessitated the re-arrangement of window and door openings. The building underwent further alterations, including those in 1901, when the telephone exchange opened, and those in 1954 when the Post Masters residence was transformed into a new telephone trunk exchange.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, the new Automatic Telephone Exchange building was opened, adjoining and linked to the original Post Office building. This ensured that Gympie was equipped with one of the most modern services in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Both the Post Office and Telephone exchange continued to expand, until the building was no longer considered adequate. On 14 November 1975, the new Post Office in Mary Street was opened, and the old one closed and purchased by Telecom. The building was subsequently handed over to the Gympie City Council in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Gympie Post Office is located at the intersection of Channon and Duke Streets and is a substantial two-storeyed masonry building. It is a dominant landmark in the streetscape and together with the Lands Office, Police Station and Court House, forms a precinct of Government buildings.</p><br>
<p>The front elevation facing Duke Street is symmetrically composed and comprises a central section with arched colonnades on the ground and upper levels, flanked by infilled sections on either end. The central section comprises three openings which extend the two levels of the building. These are arched above the first floor and intersected at midpoint by the first floor verandah. Between each arch are engaged pilasters with substantially moulded capitals. Other decorative features include keystones at the centre of each arch, small brackets below the first floor verandah and cast iron balustrading. The end sections are also symmetrical in design, with a single window at ground level and a group of three windows at first floor level. Each end section is capped with a triangular pediment and string courses run at floor level between the ground and first floors.</p><br>
<p>The elevation facing Duke Street is a continuation of the design of the end sections, with a slightly projecting central bay capped with a triangular pediment. A secondary entrance is located at the northern end of this elevation.</p><br>
<p>Internally, much of the partitioning from the building&#39;s use as a Post Office has been removed, resulting in an open space on the ground level. Three octagonal timber posts supporting the first floor divide the space, and staircases with decorative timber balustrades are located in each corner at the rear of the building. The stair at the eastern end of the building is a reproduction based on the existing stair at the opposite end. Most joinery remains intact, apart from the skirtings which have been replaced.</p><br>
<p>The first floor comprises a corridor which runs between the staircases at the rear of the building and offices divided by new partitioning at the front. All offices open onto the verandah and a new bathroom is located at the western end of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Old Gympie Post Office was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1880, the Gympie Post Office is the third Post Office in Gympie, demonstrating the growth of the town, as well as the growth of Government infrastructure throughout Queensland. As such, the Gympie Post Office is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Post Office demonstrates the principal characteristics of a building of its type. It is a substantial two-storeyed masonry building with Classical detailing and is typical of Government designed buildings of the period.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is of aesthetic significance both for its landmark qualities and its contribution to the streetscape. Together with the Lands Office, the Police Station and the Court House, it forms a precinct of Government buildings. It is also of aesthetic significance for its design qualities and detailing including cast iron balustrading and internal joinery elements.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Post Office has association with Queensland architect, F D G Stanley, as one of the last examples of his work in the position of Colonial Architect.</p><br>
<p>Gympie School of Arts is a heritage-listed school of arts at 39 Nash Street, Gympie, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect Hugo William Du Rietz  and was built from 1904 to 1905. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 April 1999. It is now home to the Gympie Regional Gallery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gympie School of Arts is a substantial two storeyed brick building located on a prominent Gympie site. Constructed between 1904 and 1905, it was designed by local architect Hugo William Du Rietz.</p><br>
<p>The School of Arts movement began in the 1820s, when Mechanics Institute were established in Glasgow and London, and a School of Arts was established in Edinburgh. Their intention was to promote mental and moral improvement of the working classes. The first institute in Australia was formed in Hobart in 1827, followed by Sydney in 1833, from which date the movement rapidly spread throughout the rest of the colony.</p><br>
<p>The first School of Arts in Queensland was established in Brisbane in 1846, although its building was not erected until 1864. From this beginning, approximately 350 Schools of Arts were established throughout the state during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.</p><br>
<p>The intention of Schools of Arts was that they address the educational needs of the working classes, although it appears they were directed more towards the middle classes, with lectures on subjects such as philosophy, and classes in French and Latin, which may not have appealed to a largely illiterate working class. Some institutes also provided technical classes including measured drawing, painting and typewriting and all Schools of Arts provided a variety of entertainments as well as games, lending libraries and reading rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie School of Arts was first established in 1870. Gold had been discovered in the region by James Nash in 1867, and the town grew rapidly. By 1868 there were 560 business licenses and 15,000 miners rights.</p><br>
<p>The impetus for a School of Arts was provided by Edward Bytheway, early settler and shopkeeper, and later mayor. Bytheway was involved in many community organisations including the local hospital and the Agricultural, Pastoral and Mining Company. Most Schools of Arts established in Queensland were driven by community minded men, usually middle or upper class, many with political aspirations.</p><br>
<p>The committee applied to the government for land on which to construct a suitable building. A temporary reading room was established in an existing building until the construction of a hall in 1874. There were many disputes over the siting of the hall, with some members wanting it near the government buildings, and others wanting it where it would be more accessible to the mass of the population in general. There were also disputes over whether the School of Arts should merge with the One Mile Miners Institute. Although this occurred in the early 1890s, it was unsuccessful and had dissolved prior to the erection of the new building.</p><br>
<p>It was decided that a new building was required as early as 1890, however the institute was financially insecure, owing to poor subscription levels. By 1904, there was £1000 in the building fund, and the committee decided that this, coupled with the proposed sale of the existing building was sufficient to erect a new building.</p><br>
<p>Local architect, Hugo Du Rietz, who had previously served on the School of Arts committee, was requested to draw up plans for a new building which was not to exceed £1500. The committee provided a preferred layout, based on the workings of the previous building.</p><br>
<p>The design for the new building was of a functional nature with few decorative features. Constructed of brick it was two-storeyed with verandahs to the upper floor. The ground floor had a central entrance, with a library on the right and four classrooms on the left. The upper floor contained two rooms with specially reinforced floors for billiard tables and a reading room across the front of the building.</p><br>
<p>Hugo Du Rietz, the architect had arrived in Gympie at the beginning of the gold rush. He established many businesses in Gympie and was a member of various committees, including that of the School of Arts. By 1871, he was practising as an architect in Gympie, and designed many buildings in the town in the ensuing years.</p><br>
<p>The new School of Arts cost £1 400 and was officially opened on 28 February 1905 as the School of Arts and Technical College. It provided classes in practical subjects, which were also provided for state school students from 1909 on.</p><br>
<p>As with all Schools of Arts the 1920s saw the beginning of the demise of the institute. New forms of entertainment such as the radio, increases in car ownership resulting in a more mobile community, world wars and the economic collapse of the 1930s all contributed to reductions in membership. As members paid subscriptions, this financially disabled most institutes.</p><br>
<p>In order to raise revenue, the upstairs reading room was converted into a flat for rent in 1941. The role of the School of Arts was further diminished in the 1970s, when technical education was taken over by TAFE and the Gympie Adult Education Organisation. However, this was also a period where government support was given to the development of a free library system, and in January 1975, $30 000 was allocated to refurbish the School of Arts as a municipal library. At the end of 1975, the School of Arts Trustees resigned and the administration of the library was taken over by the Gympie City Council.</p><br>
<p>As well as the library, the building also housed the Wide Bay Regional Council, Police Department and National Fitness Council at various times. In 1985, the building was shared by the library, and the Local History Collection, which was located in the former reading room. It was during this period that air conditioning and a book lift were installed in the building.</p><br>
<p>The library moved to new premises in 1995, leaving the School of Arts building unoccupied. It was later reused to house the Gympie Regional Gallery.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Gympie School of Arts is a substantial two storey brick building, located on one of the main streets of Gympie. It is situated on a sloping site, with rock walls retaining gardens beds in the front. Access is via a centrally located concrete stair, or a ramp which located on the western side of the site. The rear of the site is bitumened for car parking.</p><br>
<p>The building is of brown face brick laid in English bond, with deep red voussoirs over the windows. It is symmetrically designed with centrally placed cedar entrance doors with fanlight and sidelights. These are flanked by double hung windows on either side. This arrangement is replicated on the upper level.</p><br>
<p>The upper level has a verandah which runs across the front elevation and halfway around the side elevations which is simply designed and comprises timber square posts with smaller square balusters. The end of the verandah on the eastern side is partially enclosed to form a kitchen, and a stair leads from the verandah on the opposite side. The verandah roof attaches to the building below the main roofline, allowing space for a series of pairs of timber brackets which support the fascia of the main roof. The main roof is pyramidal in form, with a decorative ventilator at its peak.</p><br>
<p>The side elevations have regularly and symmetrically placed double hung windows and the rear elevation has three sets of windows in staggered positions. A door is located at the rear, below the central window, which allows access to a new toilet block abutting the building.</p><br>
<p>Internally, walls have been removed on the ground floor to create an open space and partitions have recently been erected around the perimeter of room. Floorboards on the western side of the ground floor have been replaced, and the entire floor has been sanded. The door entering the kitchen at the rear of the ground floor has been extended to form a double-leafed opening, and the stair is enclosed with new partitioning.</p><br>
<p>The staircase has a highly decorative cedar balustrade and is located at the rear of the building, opposite the entrance. A door allows access to the rear of the site, where a toilet block is located adjacent to the building.</p><br>
<p>The ceilings throughout are timber boarded, with suspended track lighting on the ground floor and suspended fluorescent lighting and fans on the upper floor. All outer walls are plastered, whilst the internal walls are either of timber boards, horizontally laid, or sheeted with fibro.</p><br>
<p>The first floor comprises a central room at the top of the stairs, with access to rooms on either side. Double leafed doors open from the central room into a larger room which runs the width of the building. This room is a large open space with symmetrically placed windows and doors and a pressed metal cornice. A set of double leafed doors opening onto the verandah are centrally located within the front wall.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Gympie School of Arts was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie School of Arts was constructed in 1904. It is one of many School of Arts constructed throughout Queensland in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as part of an attempt to promote mental and moral improvement of the working classes. By the 1900s, almost every town in Queensland had a School of Arts and they were often seen as indicators of the prosperity or status of the town. As such, they demonstrate the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The building is an uncommon example of a School of Arts of masonry construction in the Queensland vernacular style.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates the principal characteristics of a building of its type, with provision for a reading room, library and games rooms. The inclusion of a verandah is also common to the design of Schools of Arts in Queensland. Most Schools of Arts in Queensland were of timber construction, with few substantial masonry buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie School of Arts is of aesthetic significance due to its simplicity and symetricality of design, and for its contribution to the streetscape. Internal features including the balustrading and joinery details also contribute to the overall aesthetic significance of the building.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has strong associations with the community of Gympie due to its continued use as a library and educational facility. The building ceased to function as a library as recently as 1995.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building has special association with prolific local architect Hugo Durietz as an example of one of his more substantial Gympie buildings.</p><br>
<p>Monkland State School Residence is a heritage-listed house at Brisbane Road, Monkland, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect Robert Ferguson and built from 1884 to 1890. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Monkland State School Residence was constructed in 1884 and is a small timber structure raised on stumps with a corrugated iron roof. It was designed when architect Robert Ferguson was employed as Superintendent of Buildings for the Department of Public Instruction of the Queensland Government.</p><br>
<p>Ferguson arrived in Queensland from Ireland in 1860 and by 1864 was employed as a temporary foreman of works for the Queensland Government. He continued to work for the Queensland Government Architect in the areas of Wide Bay and Brisbane until 1879 when he was appointed Superintendent of Buildings for the Department of Public Instruction. In this position, Ferguson developed designs for single skin timber school buildings based on the Suter style, but "avoiding the technical disadvantages of exposed studding by reverting to external sheeting".</p><br>
<p>In 1885, Ferguson resigned from the Department of Public Instruction to become a partner in his brother-in-law&#39;s firm, John Petrie and Son. He resumed employment with the Public Service as Surveyor to the Meat and Dairy Board in 1894, a position in which he remained until his death in 1906.</p><br>
<p>In 1880 a public meeting was held at Monkland to discuss the establishment of a school for the district. Following the discovery of some of the most prosperous gold mines in the Gympie region in the early 1870s, the area had rapidly expanded and by 1873, a number of shops and four hotels were trading in the main street. By the 1880s, many families were living in the area and the walk to the nearest school at One Mile was reputedly hazardous and lengthy for small children.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the public meeting, a committee was formed, and the secretary, Mr John Clowes of One Mile Creek made a formal request to the Department of Public Instruction for the establishment of a new school, stating that the "probable number of children likely to attend is about ninety." Local subscriptions were promised and a site was proposed, although an alternative site on the corner of Brisbane and Araluen Roads was proposed in subsequent correspondence with the Department. This was probably due to a report from the head teacher of One Mile School disputing the fact that an additional school in the district was required, and that less than a mile separated the initially proposed site and the existing school.</p><br>
<p>Following a non-committal report by District Inspector John Shirley in 1881, Clowes again wrote to the Minister of Education stating that the number of likely pupils had increased and subscriptions of between £80 and £100 had been promised. The subscriptions were integral to the establishment of the school as under the Education Act of 1875, local communities were required to contribute one fifth of the cost of the construction of a new school.</p><br>
<p>Following a further inspection in the same year, after which District Inspector McGroarty advised that the proposed site was too close to the existing One Mile School to be beneficial, the committee continued their campaign. They focussed their efforts on another site, known as G F homestead no. 151, for which they paid £32.11.3 for improvements in 1881. During this time, a sub-group of the committee decided on yet another site, which was resumed and subsequently gazetted as a School Reserve.</p><br>
<p>Finally, in March 1883, McGroarty&#39;s successor, R Newcombe Ross recommended a State School be constructed on the initially purchased site and tenders were called for the construction of a school and residence. The lowest tender was received from Metcalfe and Wilson who were awarded the project, however their partnership dissolved prior to commencement of works. The next lowest tenderer, William Condon was then awarded the contract, agreeing to complete the school and residence in eight months for £895, including materials, of which approximately £180 was to be paid for by local subscriptions.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were completed in September 1884 and the first occupants of the residence were headmaster Charles Reinhold and his wife Marion. The school opened on Wednesday 24 September 1884, with 74 pupils enrolled on the first day. Numbers continued to grow and over 200 pupils were enrolled by the end of the year.</p><br>
<p>At the time of opening, the Monkland State School comprised a single room school building, and a detached residence, both of which were extended a number of times. The residence originally comprised three bedrooms, a sitting room with fireplace, a kitchen an enclosed verandah at the rear and an open verandah at the front. Constructed of timber weatherboards, it was elevated on low stumps and early plans depict the roof as shingled. At the time of its construction, it was departmental policy to provide residences for married headmasters "thereby securing a resident caretaker and cleaner for the school in the person of the headmaster&#39;s wife". The construction of residences also addressed problems associated with the lack of suitable teacher accommodation in remote areas and was used to encourage teachers to relocate to these areas.</p><br>
<p>Few additions or alterations were made to the house, apart from the construction of a fence which divided the residence from the remainder of the school grounds in 1886. In 1887, land was resumed by the Railway Department, which removed a large triangular portion from the rear of the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1890, Charles Reinhold requested that an additional two rooms be added to the western side of the residence. At this time, conditions were quite cramped with space shared by Reinhold, his wife, their four children and a servant. The additions were approved, as well as the lining of all internal walls, and the extension of the front verandah to partially wrap around the eastern side. The tender of local contractor Henry Lee for £149 was recommended and the school committee was requested to contribute £29.16.0. In 1932, a cyclonic storm severely damaged the school building, resulting in the demolition of a wing constructed in 1886, and the repair and extension of the original core. The residence remained relatively unscathed, only suffering damage to the roof over the kitchen. The new school building remained in use until a major reconstruction of the school occurred in 1958.</p><br>
<p>The Monkland State School continued to develop and expand, with a number of demountable buildings added to the site in the 1970s and 1980s. The school residence is fenced off from the main body of the site and remains largely intact.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Monkland State School Residence is located within the school grounds, at the rear of the site adjacent to the railway line and is separated from the remainder of the school buildings by a tubular metal framed wire fence. Also located on the site is a small timber structure at the rear of the residence, and various plantings including a row of five palm trees immediately in front of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building is elevated on a combination of concrete and metal posts and is of timber construction with a corrugated iron roof. It comprises the original core and later additions of two rooms on the western side and an enclosed verandah on the eastern side. The core has a gable roof which intersects at right angles with a gable roof over the western addition.</p><br>
<p>A set of centrally located timber stairs provide access to the front verandah which has a balustrade with circular section balusters and is enclosed with metal framed insect screens. The front door is opposite the stairs and opens into the centrally located sitting room. It is flanked with double hung windows, the frames of which feature a chamfered detailing, and additional doors are located at right angles to the front face at either end.</p><br>
<p>The sitting room contains a rendered brick chimney breast and mantle- piece and is flanked by a similar sized dining room on the western side and two bedrooms on the eastern side. At the rear of the building is the bathroom, the kitchen, and an additional bedroom. This bedroom and the dining room open onto an enclosed verandah on the eastern side via sets of French doors. All ceilings and walls are lined with fibro-cement sheeting, apart from those on the enclosed verandahs, where ceilings are of tongue and groove boards with exposed beams and internal walls are of weatherboard.</p><br>
<p>An enclosed verandah is located at the rear of the residence, adjacent to the kitchen, from which steps lead into the rear yard. A laundry structure at ground level completes a "U" shape at the rear of the building, the centre space of which is covered by a corrugated iron roof.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Monkland State School Residence was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Monkland State School Residence was erected in 1884 as part of the newly established Monkland State School. As the only surviving building on the site from this period, the residence provides evidence of the growth of the area east of Gympie during the 1880s due to mining activity. It also provides evidence of the development of the education system throughout Queensland and is demonstrative of government policy of the period when residences were erected to overcome problems associated with the lack of appropriate accommodation for teachers in remote areas and also as encouragement for teachers to work in these areas.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Although many similar residences were constructed throughout Queensland, many were replaced by new structures in the 1930s. The Monkland State School Residence is a rare surviving example of its type. It is the earliest of only four known intact examples of school residences constructed during the Ferguson period of school design.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Although extended on a number of occasions, the Monkland State School Residence is largely intact and demonstrates the principal characteristics of a building of its type by its form and use of materials, as developed by Robert Ferguson.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Its simple form and materials contribute to the aesthetic significance of the place.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building has strong associations with past pupils, many of whom still reside in the area, and contributed to the school centenary publication printed in 1984. It also has strong associations with the present Monkland Parents and Citizens Association.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Monkland State School Residence has special association with architect Robert Ferguson as a rare surviving example of his work whilst employed as Superintendent of Buildings for the Department of Public Instruction.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Blanco is a caldera in the Andes of the Catamarca Province in Argentina. Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it is a volcano collapse structure located at an altitude of 4,670 m in a depression. The caldera is associated with a less well defined caldera to the south and several lava domes.</p><br>
<p>The caldera has been active for the last eight million years and eruptions have created several ignimbrites. One of the most recent eruptions occurred 73,000 years ago and formed the Campo de la Piedra Pómez ignimbrite layer. About 5,000 years ago, the largest volcanic eruption of the Central Andes with a volcanic explosivity index of 7 occurred at Cerro Blanco, forming the most recent caldera as well as thick ignimbrite layers. About 110 km3 of rhyolite were erupted then. The volcano is dormant since then with some deformation and geothermal activity. A major future eruption would put local communities to the south at risk.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is also known for giant ripple marks that have formed on its ignimbrite fields. Persistent wind action on the ground has shifted gravel and sand, forming wave-like structures. These ripple marks have heights up to 1 m and are separated by distances up to 30 m. Unlike dunes, they do not migrate with the wind and are stationary. These ripple marks are among the most extreme on Earth and have been compared to Martian ripple marks by geologists.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<h3>Regional setting</h3><br>
<p>The Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes is an area between 14–28° southern latitude where volcanic activity dates to the Eocene. Ignimbritic activity has occurred over the whole area, particularly north of 25° southern latitude where the Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex is situated. Ignimbrites are primarily rhyolite and rhyodacite and subordinate shoshonite. The more southern ignimbrites are felsic and have a low crystal content. With the exception of the Luingo caldera and Cerro Galán, most volcanism south of 25° southern latitude is of low volume. After a phase of pyroclastic activity in the Antofalla area during the Eocene, a number of volcanoes formed from calc-alkaline magmas during the Miocene. Changes in subduction geometry including the removal of continental crust from the boundary 8-3 mya have caused a thickening of the crust as well as an eastward shift of the volcanic front. Huaynaputina volcano in Peru is part of the Central Volcanic Zone and had a major eruption in 1600.</p><br>
<p>Most ignimbrites of the southern sector have volumes of 50 km3 or less and are associated with stratovolcanoes and small calderas. They are derived from fractional crystallization of andesitic magmas with variable crustal input.</p><br>
<h3>Local setting</h3><br>
<p>Cerro Blanco is part of the Central Volcanic Zone and is located at the southern limit of the Puna. It forms a volcanic unit together with the Aguada Alumbrera ignimbrite, at the eastern edge of the Cordillera de San Buenaventura. Rocks beneath this unit include dacitic–trachyandesitic volcanites 9–7 mya old and an igneous-metamorphic granitic basement containing orthogneiss, quartz of Neoproterozoic-early Paleozoic age, containing paleozoic mafic to ultramafic volcanic inclusions. The Cordillera de San Buenaventura is formed from lava domes and volcanic complexes of intermediary composition of Upper Miocene–Quaternary age. During the Miocene-Pleistocene, the isotope and chemical composition of areal magmas has moved away from arc like magmas to distinctly water-poor and unoxidized petrologies. This finding is consistent with a hot mantle forming after delamination of the crust and migration of the arc.</p><br>
<p>Nevado Tres Cruces lies to the west and Nevado Ojos del Salado lies to the southwest of the Cerro Blanco centre. East-northeast running fault systems are controlled by local tectonics and may be responsible for the formation of the Cordillera de San Buenaventura. The 4-3.7 mya Laguna Amarga west of Cerro Blanco erupted rhyolites, unlike Cerro Blanco&#39;s ignimbrites. The better known Cerro Galán caldera lies 80 km southwest of Cerro Blanco. It forms a northwest-southeast volcanic line with Cerro Blanco and Incapillo. This line was active less than 2.5 mya ago. Another trend is defined by the Culampaja line running from Sierra Nevada over Cerro Cóndor and Cerro Peinado to Blanco. Other volcanic centres in the region are the Miocene-Pliocene ignimbrites Las Juntas and Las Papas. Minor bimodal–mafic volcanic centres during the Pleistocene–Holocene include volcanoes in the Pasto Ventura, Salar de Carachi Pampa and Volcán Negro Peinado areals. Felsic centres include Chascón and Cueros de Purulla. Cerro Purulla lies northnorthwest of Cerro Blanco and the La Hoyada volcanic complex lies directly west. 4,380 m Cueros de Purulla and 4,290 m Chascón are major sources of obsidian in the Puna of Catamarca region.</p><br>
<p>The Cerro Blanco complex is formed from pyroclastic flows extending from nested calderas. The Robledo caldera is heavily eroded and has assumed a semicircular shape. The rim of the Cerro Blanco caldera proper is well-preserved, with ash and block flows filling the interior. Another theory holds that the northern Cerro Blanco and the southern Robledo calderas are part of one caldera with a minimum subsidence of 700 m and a dimension of 13x10 km. The Cerro Blanco caldera is 6 km wide. On its southern rim, surrounded by ashfall deposits, lies the Holocene Cerro Blanco del Robledo lava dome (26&deg;46&prime;51&Prime;S latitude, 67&deg;45&prime;27&Prime;W longitude). Some sources call the whole volcano Robledo and use Cerro Blanco to refer to the lava dome. The whole volcanic complex is formed from lava domes, ignimbrites, ash and block flows and unconsolidated deposits. Cerro Blanco is the largest lava dome and has a debris collapse deposit on its northern side. A hydrothermally altered area in the middle of the caldera has been linked to phreatomagmatic activity. The El Escondido crater northeast of the caldera is 1.2 km wide and 40 m deep. It shows a dark colour and semiannular shape in satellite images and has been interpreted as a phreatic crater. The complex is located at the southwest end of a volcano-tectonic depression formed by local fault systems. These fault systems channel magma during eruptions; usually no eruption column is formed. The formation of the depression may be influenced by the emptying of magma chambers associated with the volcano. The complex is located on 60 km thick crust. A crustal low seismic velocity anomaly is located beneath Cerro Blanco, called the Southern Puna Magma Body.</p><br>
<h3>Megaripple fields</h3><br>
<p>Mega ripple marks formed by gravel are also found in the Cerro Blanco area and are among the most extreme on Earth. These are formed from wind-driven processes acting on local ignimbrites, including saltation of fine grains and sand during wind. Ripples have amplitudes varying 0.1 - and wavelengths of 10 -. Coarse gravel is found at their top and more fine silt in their lower parts. Pumice blocks are found in the lee surfaces of the ripples, with the interripple areas relatively flat. Unlike dunes these structures do not migrate once stably formed. The material these structures is formed from includes lithic clasts with densities 2,600 - and pumices with densities 800 -. The formation of the ripples is associated with bedrock ridges. These ripple marks have been compared to Martian ripple fields.</p><br>
<p>The largest field is named Campo Piedra Pómez (centered 26&deg;36&prime;17.30&Prime;S latitude, 67&deg;34&prime;50.46&Prime;W longitude) and covers a surface area of 600 km&sup2, descending from 3,800 m at La Hoyada in the south to 3,000 m Carachipampa volcano in the north. The megaripples in this field are dark, formed from older ignimbrites and lavas of the 70,000-year-old Piedra Pómez ignimbrite. Northwest of Cerro Blanco caldera and towards Laguna Purulla lies another field (centered 26&deg;39&prime;49.97&Prime;S latitude, 67&deg;48&prime;55.83&Prime;W longitude) with a surface area of 127 km&sup2, It has a dark colour from andesitic lava and falls down from 4,100 m altitude at La Hoyada to 3,700 m at Laguna Purulla. Reddish-brown Rosada ignimbrites and white basement material are also components of this field. Other fields are the 12 km&sup2; Campo Purulla (centered 26&deg;37&prime;12.27&Prime;S latitude, 67&deg;46&prime;00.66&Prime;W longitude) field downslope of Cerro Purulla with a distinct albedo from the 13,000 years old Purulla ignimbrite, and the 54 km&sup2; Salar de Incahuasi (centered 26&deg;31&prime;53.61&Prime;S latitude, 67&deg;41&prime;36.93&Prime;W longitude) field from the Piedra Pómez ignimbrite of a brown colour.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The Puna climate in the area is a high desert climate with high insolation and long-term aridity. The desert environment of the Puna results in low levels of erosion. Plant growth is minor. Wind speeds of 33 km/h are regularly found and may play a role in the formation of megaripples. While there are no meteorological data for the Piedra Pómez area, a similar climate is found in Salar del Rincón where in 2014 temperatures -19.6 - were recorded. Recorded precipitation amounted to 7.1 mm with evaporation rates of 764.5 mm.</p><br>
<p>A weather station (26&deg;28&prime;58.6&Prime;S latitude, 67&deg;41&prime;1.3&Prime;W longitude) was run from March to November 2013 in the Salar de Incahuasi, at 3,300 m altitude. Winds recorded there are mostly northwestern and southwestern and have gusts of &gt;59 km/h every month. Stronger average winds are found during spring.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Human research in the San Buenaventura area goes back to Stelzner 1885, mineral-focused research in 1895 and Penck 1920. The La Hoyada Formation was identified 1963 and reinterpreted as the La Hoyada volcanic complex in 2000. General geological research in the region occurred 1988, 2000 and 2006, and research focused on Cerro Blanco was done by Arnosio et al. 2005 and 2008.</p><br>
<p>Activity of Cerro Blanco goes back 8 mya, when the Maricunga Belt in the west was active. The volcano is responsible for a large Holocene eruption with a Volcano explosivity index 7, the largest in the Andean Central Volcanic Zone for 5000 years. It is comparable to Santorini and Tambora&#39;s large eruptions.</p><br>
<h3>Pre-Holocene</h3><br>
<p>The Aguada Alumbrera Ignimbrite is a white-rosa ignimbrite composed from two units, 7.14 mya Unidad Blanquecina and 13.57 mya Unidad Rojiza. The Blanquecina unit is of white to white-rosa colour and contains amphibole, biotite and quartz crystals. It contains lithic fragments of dacitic composition. The groundmass of the ignimbrite is grey in colour and contains glass and phenocrysts. Next to Laguna Aguada Alumbrera it is 100 m thick. The ignimbrite is unconformably overlaid by ignimbrites from La Hoyada volcano and overlies the basement. There are fluvial deposits contained within the Blanquecina ignimbrite, suggesting that sedimentation occurred between the eruptions. The other subunit Rojiza is of white colour and is rich in biotite and quartz. It is mostly buried by other deposits; south of Aguada Alumbrera the principal deposit is 40 m thick. This ignimbrite crops out south of Cerro Blanco.</p><br>
<p>The Rosada Ignimbrite is located next to Cueros de Purulla and has a rosa colour, due to fiamme formed from welded pumice. The pumice contains biotite, hornblende and quartz. It also contains lithic fragments from the basement and from vulcanites. Two dates of 6.3 and 7.3 mya have been obtained; the younger age is likely the result from argon loss and less accurate. It and the Aguada Alumbrera ignimbrites are coeval but different compositions indicate that they derive from separate eruptions. The Rosada ignimbrite&#39;s main minerals are biotite, quartz, plagioclase and sanidine. It has a volume of 50 km3.</p><br>
<p>A lava dome (26&deg; latitude, 40.26&deg; longitude) formed 7.3 ± 0.5 mya and red ignimbrite 8.1 ± 0.5 mya. 2.3–1.3 mya an east-northeast chain of andesitic lava domes was formed, with the youngest dome (26&deg; latitude, 40.63&deg; longitude) being 1.3 ± 0.4 mya old and located next to Cerro Blanco. 0.8 mya mafic andesite was erupted south and west of Carachipampa (26&deg; latitude, 28.251&deg; longitude) and Laguna de Purulla (26&deg; latitude, 39.3&deg; longitude). The Cueros de Purulla obsidian lava dome (26&deg; latitude, 34.06&deg; longitude) formed 0.4 ± 0.1 mya.</p><br>
<p>The Barranca Blanca and Carachi Ignimbrites are covered by lavas from Volcán Carachipampa and are thus older than 0.75 mya. They contain pumices of various colours and lithic fragments, including mylonite and schist. The Barranca Blanca ignimbrite is white in colour and contains rhyodacitic white pumice with subordinate amounts of grey trachyandesitic pumice. The Carachi Ignimbrite overlies the Barranca Blanca ignimbrite. It is weakly welded and contains white pumice and crystals with fiamme. Both of these are pyroclastic density currents that were still hot at the time of deposition.</p><br>
<p>The Campo de la Piedra Pómez ignimbrites (26.65&deg;S latitude, 67.71&deg;W longitude) have a surface area of 261.83 km&sup2;. They have a volume of 17 km3 and are separated in two layers which form one cooling unit despite their different colour and mineral composition. They both contain pumice and lithic fragments and are poor in crystals. Both have a pyroclastic texture with pumices bearing a porphyritic texture. Dating techniques yield different ages; the most reliable one (argon–argon dating on sanidine) indicates that these ignimbrites were erupted 73,000 ± 23,200 years ago. Other proposed dates go as far back as 0.555 ± 0.11 mya. They do not cross topographic surfaces and were generated by tranquil release from the ground rather than through the collapse of an eruption column. The surface has been exposed to wind erosion, forming yardangs and ripple marks. The source of this eruption is unknown; the Robledo caldera may be the origin of this eruption but this is controversial. The ignimbrites of Piedra Pómez are covered with a desert varnish similar coating, some bearing signs of endolithic lifeforms.</p><br>
<h3>Holocene</h3><br>
<p>2,300 ± 160 BCE a large Plinian eruption occurred at Cerro Blanco. Rhyolites with a volume of 110 km3 generated ashfalls and ignimbrites, forming the largest known eruption in the Central Andes during the Holocene. Ash from this eruption covered an area of 440,000 km&sup2;. These Purulla/El Médano ignimbrites (26.85&deg;S latitude, 67.72&deg;W longitude) cover an area of 51.61 km&sup2; and are dated to have occurred less than 12,200 years ago on the basis of radiocarbon analysis of organic material contained between various ignimbrite layers. One layer in La Hoyada is dated between 8,830 and 5,480 BP. Other data attribute the Purulla ignimbrites to 22,000 years ago. The date of the major Holocene eruption is constrained to between 5,500 and 4,000 years ago. Based on stratigraphic relationships, the Cerro Blanco caldera formed during this eruption. The location of the vent did not change during the course of the eruption, indicating that the annular fractures around the caldera were possibly uninvolved in the process. The low population density in the Fiambalá valley south of the volcano during the 10,000–3,000 B.P interval is ascribed to this eruption.</p><br>
<p>The ignimbrites from the caldera-forming eruption have a volume of 17 km3 and cover a surface area of 527 km&sup2; south, north and east of the caldera. They are partly welded and contain fiamme and lithic fragments. The material is vitreous and may have been fluid at the time of deposition. Breccia derived from column collapse are also found. The deposits are microcristalline with much glass. A few kilometres from the calderas they abruptly turn into medium-sized pumice deposits. Some ignimbrites from this stage are derived from the lava domes placed within small depressions, the largest of which is 1.3 km wide. Aeolian erosion has reworked the ashes generated by the eruption, generating dunes.</p><br>
<p>The Purulla/El Médano ignimbrites have a precaldera lower layer that various methods have dated 20,000 to 5,000 years ago. This stage was effusive and accompanied by the emplacement of lava domes. A postcaldera stage is represented by lava domes on the southeast edge of the caldera, as well as block and ash flows inside the caldera. These are rhyolitic in composition. Their age is unknown, but postdates the caldera formation.</p><br>
<h3>Recent unrest and threats</h3><br>
<p>There are no reports of historical activity. A small geothermal field is associated with the volcanic complex, consisting of fumaroles, mud volcanoes and thermal anomalies.</p><br>
<p>The caldera floor has been subsiding in the 1990s according to satellite images. The diameter of the deformation region is less than 30 km and the deformation occurs at depths of less than 4.8 km. The deflation speed has been decreasing from more than 2.5 cm/yr between 1992 and 1997 over 1.8 cm/yr between 1996 and 2000 and 1.2 cm/yr between 2003 and 2007 to 0.87 cm/yr between 2005 and 2010. This deformation is centered between the Robledo and Cerro Blanco calderas and is accompanied by an uplift to the northwest. The deflation has been interpreted to depend on a magma chamber with a diameter of 17 km but is unlikely to be caused by magma withdrawal or tectonic expansion. It may be linked to hydrothermal effects however. A seismic swarm was noted at 15 km depth in 2007 and 2009.</p><br>
<p>Evidence indicates that such calderas can fill in within a timespan of hundreds to thousands of years. Two possible scenarios of an eruption are the formation of Plinian eruption columns or more tranquil subhorizontal eruption of pyroclastic flows from vents. Given the low population density of 0.06 people per 1 km&sup2, the impact of the eruption on local population will be small. Westerly winds may cause larger impact west of the centre, with air travel particularly affected. The community of Bolsón de Fiambalá 50 km south of the caldera is beneath the level of Cerro Blanco and connected to it by valleys. In a future eruption, pyroclastic currents and less dense clouds associated with them from Cerro Blanco might reach the community.</p><br>
<p>The Sanford Mills Historic District encompasses a large industrial complex in the center of Sanford, Maine. From 1867 to 1955, the property was the site of a major textile manufacturing operation that was a major local employer. The site, flanking the Mousam River just north of Sanford&#39;s central business district, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Sanford Mills complex occupies about 7.5 acre of land, roughly bounded by Washington Street, Weaver Drive, Emery Street, and Pioneer Avenue. It includes fourteen buildings, the oldest surviving one dating to 1882, and the heavily channelized stretch of the Mousam River, along with two river crossings. The buildings on the site are reflective of two significant phases of construction. The first is the pre-1890 phase, in which predominantly wood-frame structures were built, although some of these buildings were later added onto in brick and concrete, while the latter phase, after 1910, involved exclusively brick and concrete construction.</p><br>
<p>The Mousam River in the Sanford area was used for industrial purposes beginning in the 18th century, when grist mills and saw mills were built along its banks. The town was also the site of a cottage industry in textile manufacture in the early 19th century. In 1867 Thomas Goodall, an English immigrant who had established a successful mill in Troy, New Hampshire, arrived in Sanford, purchased a number of the mills and associated water rights, and enlarged an existing flannel mill. Goodall successfully produced heavy, richly decorated plush mohair fabrics. The buildings Goodall constructed before 1882 have all been demolished, many of them during the modernization phase in the 1910s. The Goodall family operated the mills until 1953, when they sold them to the Burlington Mills Corporation. Burlington shut the mills down in 1955. The buildings are now used by a variety of smaller businesses.</p><br>
<p>Dunbar School is a historic school building located in Fairmont, Marion County, West Virginia. It was built in 1928, and the first classes were held in January 1929. The school was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dunbar was attended by black students in grades one through twelve. It was the only school for black children in Fairmont, and the only black high school for Marion County. Dunbar&#39;s last use as a high school came with the federally mandated end of segregated public education in the 1954-55 school year. Low enrollment ended the primary grades as well in 1956 and the school was closed. Dunbar reopened as an annex to the Fairmont Junior High School in 1963 and was used as an elementary school starting in the 1970s. It was permanently closed in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The school was named after Paul Laurence Dunbar, one of the first black writers to build a national reputation. It lost the Dunbar name in 1963, but it was restored when Fairmont residents petitioned the Board of Education in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The school is built on a slope with two stories and an exposed basement section on the west elevation. The east elevation has five large windows to light the gymnasium. The rectangular building uses buff colored brick with Flemish Garden Wall bond.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by William B. Ittner, a well known designer of public school buildings. Other Fairmont schools built by Ittner include the Thomas C. Miller Public School and the Fairmont Senior High School.</p><br>
<p>Gympie Court House is a heritage-listed courthouse at Channon Street, Gympie, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Smith Murdoch and built from 1900 to 1902. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gympie Court House is the third court house constructed in Gympie and is located in a prominent location on a ridge at the corner of Channon and King Streets. It was constructed between 1900 and 1902 and is a brick structure with a clock tower on the southern side of the front entrance.</p><br>
<p>The town of Gympie was established after the discovery of gold in the area by James Nash in 1867. At this stage, the new colony of Queensland was in dire financial trouble, and a reward was offered to anyone who discovered gold. Nash received the reward of £3000, and the rush to the Gympie gold field began. By 1869, the town now known as Gympie had a population of many thousands. It was established so rapidly that by the time the official surveyors arrived in 1868, a substantial amount of the town had already been laid out. This resulted in the town being laid out in an irregular pattern, following the topography of the land and the mining sites, rather than the orthogonal grid pattern familiar to most Queensland towns. The 1868 survey of the town included reserves for public buildings, including the court house reserve.</p><br>
<p>The first court proceedings in Gympie were held by the Gold Commissioner in a series of temporary structures shortly after the influx of miners to the area. In the late 1860s, a more permanent structure, in the form of a timber slab building was erected on what was known as Commissioner&#39;s Hill.</p><br>
<p>In 1876 a substantial masonry court house building was erected in Channon Street on land reserved for police purposes. This building served the town until the mid 1890s when there was pressure for a new court house, primarily from local Labour politician Andrew Fisher, later the first Queenslander to become Prime Minister of Australia. The 1876 court house building survived and became the Gympie Lands Office.</p><br>
<p>Although the Queensland Colonial Architect was asked to prepare plans for a new court house in 1898, none were prepared until 1900. The delay may have been due to disputes over the site for the new court house, the site on the corner of King and Channon Street eventually being secured in preference to the original court house reserve on Duke Street. The site was selected by Colonial Architect, Alfred Barton Brady, and the government purchased the land from the Queensland National Bank and a private owner.</p><br>
<p>The new court house was designed by John Smith Murdoch who, at the time was an architect in the Department of Public Works. Murdoch had arrived in Australia from Scotland, originally working in Melbourne. He began working for the Queensland Public Works Department in the mid 1880s, leaving temporarily to practice privately before returning in the mid 1890s.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, he was appointed District Architect for the Central and Northern Division of Queensland, and in this capacity designed many government buildings north of Gympie.</p><br>
<p>Tenders were called for the building in 1900. The first tenders exceeded the £5000 allocated for its construction, requiring the design to be altered. Rendered cement replaced stonework detailing and fencing and landscaping were omitted altogether. Tenders were once again called and Bundaberg builder Edward Boyle won the contract. Boyle commenced work immediately, supervised by Bundaberg architect, Anton Hettrich, temporarily employed by the Works Department specifically for the purpose. The building was completed in March 1902.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Court House was designed to suit the site and was intended to be viewed from all four elevations. The dominant clock tower became a landmark in the town. Murdoch designed the building in keeping with the new style of architecture, using a more refined style of embellishment. As it neared completion in 1901, it was described in the Gympie Times as "not possess any architectural beauty".</p><br>
<p>The clock tower became a dominant landmark and a popular place from which to view and take photographs of the town.</p><br>
<p>Due to deductions which were made as a result of Boyle using inferior mortar, fencing was able to be erected. However this was not the originally designed brick and iron fence, but a simpler timber version with steps and a path leading from the corner of King and Channon Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1907 the roof was reconstructed to the designs of District Architect, Thomas Pye. This was due to the continual problem of a leaking roof, which was thought to be the result of the design.</p><br>
<p>However, this did not rectify the problem, which continued until the 1940s when the entire roof was replaced with a simple gabled structure.</p><br>
<p>Future alterations included the installation of a septic system, the addition of public toilets, minor room alterations, and the replacement of the original fence with a low height concrete one.</p><br>
<p>Work carried out in the 1960s and 70s included division of the court room space and the installation of air conditioning. Later work included an access ramp for the disabled and replacement of the original cedar doors at the front of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Gympie Courthouse is located at the intersection of Channon and King Street, facing Channon Street, but not aligned to it. A face brick building, in the Federation Free Style, it comprises a single storey structure with a substantial clock tower, located on the southern side of the front entrance.</p><br>
<p>Located on one of the ridges in Gympie, it is a dominant landmark within the town, and together with the Old Gympie Post Office and the Gympie Lands Office, forms a precinct of Queensland Government buildings.</p><br>
<p>On the Channon Street elevation a shallow set of stairs leads up to a centrally located portico comprising a substantial entablature supported by four columns and two square-planned piers, all with Doric order capitals and bases. A parapeted gable rises above the central section, which incorporates clerestory windows in each side elevation.</p><br>
<p>The clock tower is also located within the central section, positioned to the southern side of the central entrance. It is a substantial square-planned brick tower, and comprises the tower, which has a clock face in the upper section of each elevation, surmounted by a belvedere with a cupola above. Various mouldings in cement render are located above and below the clock faces and a Coat of Arms addresses the intersection of King and Channon Streets.</p><br>
<p>The side wings are single storeyed, and the entablature is continued around all four elevations. String courses are located below this at the height of the window heads, which run across a grouping of three double hung windows. The entablature, string courses, window heads and sills are cement rendered.</p><br>
<p>The side elevations are similar to the front elevations, with central entrances of columns and piers with Doric order capitals and bases. However, they sit flush with the line of the building and do not project forward as the main entrance portico does.</p><br>
<p>At the rear of the building, the ground slopes away to create two- storeys. The central bay projects forward and contains a two-storeyed arched opening, with steps leading to an entrance on the upper floor. The opening is flanked by doors at the lower level, with double hung windows above. Windows are also located on either side of the central bay.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed of Campbell&#39;s double pressed Redbank face bricks, buff in colour and laid in Flemish bond. Tuck pointing survives in some areas, and all details are finished in cement render.</p><br>
<p>The central section of the building contains the court room. It is one and a half storeys high, whilst the two side wings are single storeyed. Internally, the court room is centrally located, with rooms for support staff in the side wings. These include rooms for the judge, jury, clerks, registrars and, at the rear, toilets.</p><br>
<p>The court room is intact, apart from a new wall which creates a new entrance at the front of the building, and the addition of fluorescent lighting and new speakers. The walls are plastered with Keens marble cement to dado height, and capped with a plaster moulding, all now painted. Door and window architraves, a band mould under the sills and pilasters are of painted white plaster. The original furniture and cedar joinery remain intact. The ceiling comprises painted timber panels supported by decorative brackets with large Wunderlich ventilators in the central panels.</p><br>
<p>The secondary offices also have cedar joinery, including fireplaces. All timberwork remains unpainted, apart from the fireplace in the front room on the northern side of the entrance, which has been painted white. The fireplace in the clerk&#39;s office has been removed to make way for a new door opening. Various early objects remain in some rooms, including small shelves with mirrors above and large scale maps of the Gympie region.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Gympie Court House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Court House was constructed between 1900 and 1902. It was the second substantial court house to be constructed in Gympie, and as such demonstrates the development of the town and consequently, the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Court House demonstrates the principal characteristics of a building of its type, and the design and plan illustrates the way in which an early twentieth century court house operated.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is a significant landmark in the town of Gympie. Situated on one of the hills of Gympie, the clock tower in particular, forms a dominant and well-known landmark. A precinct of Government buildings is formed by the Court House and nearby Post Office and Lands Office.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Court House is of considerable aesthetic significance due to its landmark qualities and for its high quality of design and workmanship. This includes the refined design of the exterior and the purpose built interior fittings and furnishings.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has strong associations with the local community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has strong associations with architect J Murdoch as an example of the development of his work.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Town Hall is a heritage-listed town hall at 2 Caledonian Hill, Gympie, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works  and John James Clark and built in 1939 by Marberete Company Pty Ltd, Department of Public Works, and Joseph Jew. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 August 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gympie Town Hall was opened in 1890 on land reserved for this purpose in 1883. It was designed by Clark Brothers, which won competitions for proposed town halls for Brisbane and Gympie in 1884 and Warwick in 1885. Of the Clark Brothers&#39; prize-winning designs for Queensland town halls, only that for Gympie may have been realised, and its construction was supervised by Hugo William Du Rietz in the late 1880s. It was extended in 1938-9 by Brisbane architect C H Griffin.</p><br>
<p>Gympie (initially Nashville) arose after the discovery of gold in the Mary River district in October 1867. The new goldfield established Queensland as a significant gold producer and contributed much needed finances to the young colony. Thousands of people arrived at the Gympie goldfield in the months after the discovery and a fledgling settlement emerged. In a year the alluvial gold had been exhausted and shallow reef mining commenced, followed from 1875 by deep reef mining. During 1881 mines began yielding large amounts of gold marking a new era of wealth and prosperity for Gympie as an intensive phase of underground reef mining began, facilitated by the injection of capital into mining companies for machinery and employees.</p><br>
<p>As Gympie evolved from a hastily established mining settlement, the early makeshift structures of the 1860s gradually gave way to more permanent and substantial public and private buildings from the mid 1870s. Gympie was gazetted as a town on 26 January 1880 and in 1883 a reserve for a town hall was created. A competition for the design of a Gympie Town Hall was conducted and in 1884 Clark Brothers (comprising John James Clark, architect and his brother George, an engineer) were named as the winners. Other buildings designed by Clark include the Treasury Building in Brisbane, the Central railway station in Brisbane, and Townsville railway station. Clark had a long career, won many design competitions and produced many other notable buildings in Victoria, New South Wales, Western Australia and New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>Gympie Town Council proposed to erect its town hall on land at Nash&#39;s Gully bounded by Mellor Street and Caledonian Hill which was to be reserved for this purpose. In July 1888 the Council requested that the Department of Public Lands grant them the Deed of Grant for the land as they proposed to erect a Town Hall upon it, but the Department of Public Lands agreed to issue the Deed of Grant only after the erection of a town hall on the site. In August 1888 a proposal that Gympie Town Council borrow £5,000 for the erection of a Town Hall was defeated by 40 votes. Subsequently the Municipal Council erected a portion of the Town Hall, namely the left wing and tower, built of brick at a cost of £1,266. Its construction was supervised by local architect, Hugo Du Rietz and its builder was Joseph Jew. The town hall was opened by William Smyth MLA for Gympie on 4 March 1891 and the first council meeting held in the new chambers took place on the same day. In June 1891 a Deed of Grant to the Council of the Municipality of Gympie for 3 roods 22 perches "as a site for a town hall and no other purposes whatsoever" was granted.</p><br>
<p>Following its continued growth, Gympie was declared a city in 1905. As gold production declined to cessation in, Gympie transformed into the service centre for its highly productive agricultural district noted for dairy and fruit-growing. As part of this evolution, the town centre shifted from upper Mary Street near Commissioners Hill to lower Mary Street closer to the Gympie railway station, butter factory and fruit cooperative.</p><br>
<p>By the mid- to late-1930s the Gympie City Council was considering completion of its town hall. Concurrently, a post office located closer to the centre of town was sought. During 1937 the Gympie Chamber of Commerce called for a branch office in a central position in Gympie as the current post office located at the top of Commissioners Hill was quite removed from the main business centre. The Gympie City Council wanted the branch located in the Town Hall where adequate accommodation for the purpose could be made available in the proposed extensions to the building. Bernard Corser, the Member of the Australian House of Representatives for Wide Bay, made representations to the Commonwealths Posts and Telegraphs Department. Additionally, the acting Prime Minister, the Right Hon Dr Earle Page, also discussed the establishment of a branch post office in Gympie with the Postmaster-General in June 1937. Subsequently tenders for the lease of a building for a branch post office were advertised in the Gympie Truth and Gympie Times. Two tenders were received that were regarded as unsatisfactory so approval was given for the lease from the Gympie Town Council of premises at Gympie for a period of 10 years with an option for renewal of five years.</p><br>
<p>Consequently, when additions to the Gympie Town Hall were designed by C H Griffin in 1938 the design incorporated a new post office for Gympie on the ground floor. The addition included a reception hall on the first floor and additional offices on the ground floor. An original drawing by J J Clark shows that Griffin used the Clark Brothers plan as the starting point for his design of the town hall extension in 1938. Griffins plan provided for new vestibules on both floors and a new staircase. The upper floor houses a reception hall to the east of the upper vestibule. The existing frontage was remodelled in harmony with the new section. Instead of the Victorian ornamentation originally specified he gave the building&#39;s exterior a more modern appearance. A garage located adjacent to the town hall on the Caledonian Hill frontage was also designed as part of the project. The tender to construct was won by Marberete Company Pty Ltd of Brisbane and the work took seven months to complete. In addition to the town hall building a free-standing garage was built to the east of it on the town hall reserve.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Town Hall&#39;s additions were officially opened by the State Treasurer (Mr Frank Cooper) on 21 October 1939. The cost of the addition and renovation was £9,668. This amount was covered by a loan of £7,235 with a Queensland Government subsidy of £1,463 plus £970 advanced from general rate revenue.</p><br>
<p>The completion of the Gympie Town Hall in 1939 was part of a wider pattern of civic building that took place during the second half of the 1930s when numerous town halls were constructed across Australia as an expression of civic pride when the economy was once again on a more secure foundation after the Great Depression. Many Queensland country towns erected or remodelled civic buildings. The Queensland government played an important role in facilitating many of these projects, by subsidising expenditure by shire councils on new buildings or remodelling their existing premises. As a result, more than 20 shire and town council buildings were erected during 1938-39 and six shire halls were remodelled. In the last two years of the 1930s, more than £177,000 was spent on new shire and council halls and nearly £20,000 was outlaid on alterations to existing buildings.</p><br>
<p>Town halls of varying design and dimension are landmarks of Australia&#39;s cities and suburbs, shires and towns. They have been important as social venues and focal points for their communities and also for the administration of local government. The Gympie Town Hall was such a venue. The accommodation of the Gympie East Post Office on the ground floor of the new section of the Gympie Town Hall between 9 May 1939 and 26 July 1967 gave it further important social function.</p><br>
<p>Between 1977 and 1982 internal alterations to the Gympie Town Hall were undertaken with money obtained through a debenture loan approved by the Queensland Treasury. These included architectural work (probably new joinery); mechanical and electrical alterations to the auditorium; internal telephone extension relocation and switchboard installation; internal painting of the ground floor; reconstruction of the World War I remembrance alcove; new floor coverings; office equipment; and glass and timber panel partitions.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the Gympie Regional Council recommenced meeting in the Gympie Town Hall, after many years of meeting in the former Queensland National Bank building in Channon Street. The remainder of the building continues to be used as office accommodation for council staff.</p><br>
<h3>Maternal and Child Welfare Clinic</h3><br>
<p>The former Gympie Maternal and Child Welfare Clinic is located in the Town Hall Reserve, facing Mellor Street in central Gympie. It is a concrete rendered building, with an entry portico flanked by four columns, with a rib and pan profile iron roof, including the original fleche. Designed and built by the Department of Public Works, and opened on 24 April 1926, the building is one of ten regional clinics built to a standardised design, of which, only nine remain.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of baby clinics throughout Queensland following the introduction of the Maternity Act 1922 was part of a national and international movement to improve the health of mothers and babies. The Act also initiated the establishment of a network of free maternity hospitals throughout Queensland, managed under the Motherhood, Child Welfare and Hospital Fund. Financed through the profits of the state run lottery, the Golden Casket, established in 1920, the Act sought to decrease the death rate for mothers and babies; to increase the birth-rate; to expand outback settlement and to train mothers how to care for children and essentially develop a healthy population.</p><br>
<p>The first baby clinic in Brisbane was established in 1908 and attended by paediatrician Dr Alfred Jefferis Turner, who saw up to 100 babies a week, free of charge. Dr Jefferis Turner was the first resident medical officer of the Brisbane Children&#39;s Hospital, appointed in 1889. He made a significant contribution to the development of a diphtheria antitoxin and identified lead in paint as a significant factor in lead poisoning in children. These advances impacted on the reduction of infant mortality rates, but Dr Jefferis Turner was aware that diarrhoeal disease was still a major factor the demise of many babies. There was a higher death rate during the summer months, which could be attributed to poor infant feeding and he embarked on a public health campaign to educate mothers in the hygienic preparation of food, particularly for those infants not breast fed.</p><br>
<p>Following a conference on child welfare in Sydney in 1916, representatives of women&#39;s organisations, benevolent societies and the Creche and Kindergarten Association lobbied the Home Secretary, John Huxham to establish a network of baby clinics in Queensland. In August 1917 he announced that three clinics would be built, which was later expanded to four. At that time the first baby clinic had just been built in Victoria, while New South Wales already had eleven. All were based on the philosophy of New Zealand Doctor, Frederick Truby King, which promoted breast feeding, the training of nurses in maternal and infant welfare and the education of mothers in domestic hygiene.</p><br>
<p>A national agenda for public health and social reform was implicit in the growth of the town planning movement. The second Australian Town Planning Conference and Exhibition held in Brisbane in mid 1918 included a display illustrating the proper care of babies. The organiser of this conference was Charles Edward Chuter, an officer of the Home Secretary&#39;s Department, who was to have a significant impact on local government and on the health system in Queensland. He had managed the finances of the Brisbane General Hospital from 1917, and sought the means to implement the social policies of the recently elected Labour government of T J Ryan. Chuter established the Motherhood, Child Welfare and Hospital Fund, which was financed through the Golden Casket Lottery. He also had significant input into the drafting of the Maternity Act. The decision to operate a regular lottery from 1920, with the profits deposited into the Hospital Trust Account, financed a major building program in maternity hospitals and baby clinics.</p><br>
<p>The first government baby clinic opened in a rented cottage in Brunswick Street, Fortitude Valley on 8 March 1918, managed by Matron Florence Chatfield of the Diamantina Hospital. Three more clinics opened shortly after at Woolloongabba, Spring Hill and West End. Nurse Chatfield travelled north in October 1920, seeking suitable sites to build clinics in Cairns, Townsville and Rockhampton, preferring a central location, close to the shopping areas and close to public transport. She also sought support from at least one doctor in each town to act as the Honorary Medical Officer, attached to the clinic.</p><br>
<p>Between October 1923 and November 1924, new baby clinics were erected at Rockhampton, Townsville, Ipswich, Toowoomba, Cairns, Maryborough and Bundaberg. The Fortitude Valley Clinic, which opened in 1924, included a training school for nurses. The training centre staff had been educated in both New Zealand and Sydney and the centre produced eight graduates in 1924 and eleven in 1925. Thirty-five maternity wards were built in hospitals across the state at this time. Between 1926 and 1930 clinics were erected at Gympie, Mackay, Charters Towers and Warwick, with new substantial brick clinics built at Woolloongabba and Herschel Street in the Brisbane central business district. Another large clinic was planned for South Brisbane but was never built.</p><br>
<p>Ten regional clinics were based on a standard plan produced by the Department of Public Works. These included: Rockhampton, Townsville, Ipswich, Toowoomba, Maryborough, Bundaberg, Gympie, Mackay, Charters Towers and Warwick. The Rockhampton clinic was the first to be opened on Saturday 27 October 1923. It was described in the 1924 Queensland Parliamentary Papers Report of the Department of Public Works as:A compact tile-roofed one-storey reinforced cement plaster building of attractive design, containing waiting hall 16 ft by 16 ft; a doctor&#39;s room 12 ft by 11 ft; treatment room 13 ft by 11 ft; retiring and nurses rooms 11ft by 10 ft with water closet, lavatories, store, press etc. Modern fittings and furnishings have been installed throughout and a septic system provided for conveniences.The Cairns clinic which opened in January 1924 was not of the standard design, being a larger high set timber structure, built on part of a railway reserve fronting Martyn Street.</p><br>
<p>The selection of a site for a baby clinic for Gympie occurred during the early part of 1925 with regular correspondence between the local Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Gympie, Thomas Dunstan, the Assistant Minister for Works and the Home Secretary James Stopford. The Under Secretary George Chuter and the Mayor Alderman George Thomas undertook a site inspection on 7 March and agreed that part of the Town Hall Reserve facing Mellor Street was the best location. The council agreed to allocate a site within the Town Hall reserve, because the clinic would be of benefit to the district. It passed the resolution on 19 March 1925, and verbal agreement was made by the council that it would provide fill for the site. The architect Willian Ewart visited in April and assured the Town Clerk that the plans and specifications were in hand and the building would be completed as soon as possible. The proposed building was specified as a concrete one storey structure with a Marseilles tiled roof and Doric pillared entrance, including a waiting room for mothers, infants treatment room, kitchen, bathroom, ladies retiring room and day room for the nurses. The standard design baby clinics were all founded on the same plan drawn up in January 1923, with some amendments to suit each individual site. The Gympie Clinic was built with two toilets; one accessible from within the clinic, and one with an external door, adjacent to the Town Hall, accessible to the public. (A separate men&#39;s toilet was located nearby.) Two nurses were appointed to the clinic, with one stationed at the clinic and the other largely devoted to visiting mothers in their own homes within the district.</p><br>
<p>The building, which cost £2,355, was opened on Saturday 24 April 1926 by the Minister for Works, James Kirwan. He referred to the clinic as the "Temple of the Babe", an analogy first used by the Assistant Home Secretary Mr Frank Brennan at the opening of the Toowoomba Baby Clinic in December 1923. Kirwan reiterated the government policy promoting motherhood and child welfare, indicating that the clinic had already begun operation prior to the official opening. Nurse McGrath had already begun her rounds of the district, visiting 83 babies, and 25 mothers had consulted the clinic. He said the building, was a beautiful structure which was an architectural adornment to the city of Gympie. When the Director of Infant Welfare, Dr Jefferis Turner wrote his first annual report in June 1927, he indicated that the Gympie Clinic had a good relationship with the local maternity nurses, and it had outperformed some older ones in the state, in terms of the numbers of new born babies visited by the clinic sisters.</p><br>
<p>In 1933, the Gympie Town Clerk advised the Department of Works that a large amount of spoil had been generated in the process of excavating for a new sewer. This had been used to fill the Town Hall Reserve, but had in fact filled part of the lower flight of steps at the rear of the baby clinic. It advised that the landing would be extended to provide easier access to the clinic and the remainder of the lower steps would lead to the yard. During the early 1930s the clinic sister experienced difficulties sleeping because of the constant noise from the public toilet in the clinic building adjacent to her bedroom. At that time it was agreed to lock the female toilet at 11.00pm.</p><br>
<p>The back landing was enclosed with lattice in 1936. By 1941, heavy rain had caused subsidence of this and earlier fill, causing damage to the back steps and requiring the installation of a 6-foot (1.8m) square concrete slab at the foot of the stairs.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Town Council wrote to the Department of Public Works in June 1950, indicating that the town hall was being repainted and suggested that the baby clinic be painted at the same time. Tenders were called in September and the exterior painting proceeded. Some interior painting was also carried out at this time with repairs to the front stairs and front gate, and painting of exterior Venetian blinds. In 1956 the interior walls and furniture was painted. The connection of sewerage in May 1964 led to further alterations and additions to the interior including a complete internal and external repaint, in pastel shades. The bathroom was upgraded with a new bath and hand basins. New cupboards were built in the kitchen and new linoleum was laid throughout. The furniture was also repainted.</p><br>
<p>Plans for further additions to provide living accommodation were drawn up in April 1964. The proposed 22 by 21 (6.7m by 6.4m) extension was to comprise two bedrooms, a bathroom, laundry, WC, dining room and new street access. However the Gympie City Council was in opposition to any extensions to the clinic because it would partly encroach on recent improvements to the car park, and new access roadways within Town Hall Reserve. The council wrote to the Secretary of Lands Administration enquiring as to the original agreement reached in relation to land allocated prior to the construction of the baby clinic. The Land Administration was unable to present any formal documentation of the initial allocation of the site, as it had been the product of a verbal agreement between the MLA at the time, the Hon T Dunstan, the Mayor, Aldermen and Town Clerk of Gympie. While the council passed a motion approving the erection of the baby clinic on the Town Hall Reserve, it appears that no formal agreement was made on land allocation for the clinic. The planned extensions did not proceed.</p><br>
<p>It is unclear when the tile roof was replaced with iron, but a number of clinics had experienced problems with the tiled roof, with the Townsville clinic&#39;s replaced by 1927.</p><br>
<p>The Maternal and Child Health Clinic services were transferred to the Gympie Hospital in 1992. The former baby clinic building was then occupied by the State Emergency Service (later the Gympie Regional Emergency Management Team) for fifteen years. This team was transferred to Caloundra in 2007. The Cooloola Family and Community Development Workers then mounted a petition to request a lease of the building to re-establish a clinic providing maternal and child health services, collaboratively run by the Cooloola Community Hub staff and the Gympie Child Health Services. It appears that no action was taken on this proposal. The Gympie Regional Council&#39;s Youth Development Unit now occupies the building.</p><br>
<h3>Art Deco Men's Toilet Block</h3><br>
<p>The Art Deco Mens Toilet Block in Mellor Street and sited on Gympies Town Hall Reserve was erected s. It is one of only two known toilet blocks in this architectural style in Queensland, the other reported to be at Mareeba.</p><br>
<p>Public toilets in Mellor Street were in existence in 1925 as Council minutes reveal that the Chamber of Commerce requested the provision of a light at the public lavatory in Mellor Street. However, the toilet block does not appear on a partial site plan for the reserve drawn in 1925 when the Gympie Maternal and Child Welfare Clinic was being planned for the site. The Art Deco toilet block does not reflect the architectural style of the nearby Gympie Town Hall (designed 1938), which leads to the conclusion that the toilet block was constructed before 1938.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Gympie Town Hall precinct comprising Town Hall, Garage, former Maternal and Child Welfare Clinic and Mens Toilet Block is located at the top end of Nashs Gully on a large wedge-shaped site at the fiveways intersection of Caledonian Hill, Calton Hill, and Mary, Lawrence and Mellor Streets, and is bound to the north by Alma Street in Gympie&#39;s central business area.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Town Hall is a stately two storey masonry building with part basement and a grand bell tower. The building is prominently located on a busy intersection and has a two street frontage to Caledonian Hill and Mellor Street. Its elevated bell tower together with its high quality of design gives it considerable aesthetic appeal.</p><br>
<p>The Town Hall, constructed in two stages, has an asymmetrically composed exterior form with Neo-classical characteristics which include the use of columns, a dominant pediment and decorative cornicing and quoins at the buildings corners to give the building a sense of solidity and robustness. Its exterior is carefully detailed and finished with smooth cement-render ruled to imitate ashlar. The bell tower is positioned over the main public entrance into the building and the surrounding roof, clad in corrugated metal sheeting is hipped over the portion and gabled over the portion.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s south-facing Caledonian Hill facade has two major components reflecting its staged construction.</p><br>
<p>The western end features a cantilevered street awning over the western entrance detailed with decorative cornicing and circular motifs. Horizontal banding visually distinguishes the building&#39;s two floor levels. Tall, rectangular windows puncture the western end of the elevation while a circular porthole style window is centrally located above the western entrance. From here the bell tower rises and features tall, rectangular windows and clock faces to all four sides. It is capped with a pyramidal roof and a scalloped parapet wall forms a solid balustrade allowing access to the bell chamber. Access into the end of the elevation is via timber paneled doors which open onto an octagonal-shaped and timber-lined entrance vestibule. A decorative leadlight fanlight is located above the entrance. Another pair of glazed and paneled swing doors on pivoting hinges provides access into the lower vestibule. Floors in the entrance vestibule are terrazzo with a central motif pattern.</p><br>
<p>The eastern end is a symmetrical composition with large stucco quoins and capitals visually supporting the raked moulded cornice to the gable. The centrally placed entrance is framed by a projecting balcony with a wrought iron balustrade supported on Doric- style columns. A tall, arched doorway with ruled stucco keystone and reveals opens onto the balcony and is framed by tall rectangular windows with timber framed casements. Windows on the lower level are timber framed and recessed into the masonry facade and ornate wrought iron bars secure the openings. The entrance door has been replaced with an aluminum hinged door.</p><br>
<p>The elevation facing west to Mellor Street has similar detailing to the main elevation. It is symmetrical in layout with stucco quoins emphasizing the corners while horizontal banding visually distinguishes the building&#39;s two floor levels. A false balcony runs along the upper floor level with decorative wrought iron balustrading and art nouveau style lights at each end. A large arched window framed with ruled stucco reveals, lintel and keystone rises from the lower level and is finished with a shallow awning formed from masonry supported on oversized decorative brackets. On the upper floor three tall rectangular windows with timber-framed double-hung sashes are sheltered by a timber framed window awning supported on pairs of carved timber brackets. Eaves gutters to the main roof and the upper window awning are formed from metal and are quad-profiled.</p><br>
<p>The northern elevation where tall rectangular windows and a large arched leadlight window are located is simpler in detail. A lean-to roofed structure containing amenities is located on the lower level while a more substantial timber-framed verandah is located on the upper level accessed by timber-framed service stairs. The land is retained at the building line to allow access and light into a basement level and service yard. A lean-to structure has been recently constructed to the eastern end of the elevation.</p><br>
<p>The symmetrical eastern elevation comprises stucco quoins at each corner. Large arched windows are located on the upper floor. A gable roofed side porch projects towards a service area on the lower floor and features a large arched window flanked by smaller timber-framed casement windows. Decorative square pilasters are located at the corners.</p><br>
<p>Rectangular in plan with projecting wings to the east and northeast corner, the building is organised over two levels. The ground floor houses a foyer space, a former public office and clerks office, a former post-office space, a former post-masters office together with several other offices to the north. Located on the first floor are the council chamber and vestibule, a former mayors reception room and office, a kitchen and enclosed verandah.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor foyer space has generous internal openings consisting of pairs of timber-paneled doors with lead-light glazed pivoting fanlights above. Walls and ceilings are plaster with decorative paneling formed by plaster cornicing with some areas lined with timber paneling. Timber joinery is intact throughout with varnished finish. At the base of the public staircase is a memorial board enclosure with decorative timber screens. Floors are lined with terrazzo. A single pendant light hangs centrally from the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>Other rooms on this level have similar though simpler detailing. In the former public office to the west, walls are hard plaster with elaborately moulded cornices. Timber joinery including architraves, window sashes and skirtings are painted though some timber joinery in the former public office has a varnished finish. Full-height partition walls have been erected in the former post office public space. Floors are lined with recent carpet. Door furniture has generally been replaced though some china and brass door handles remain.</p><br>
<p>Access to the first floor is via an elegant timber staircase with walls and balustrades of paneled timber. A round handrail is fixed with brackets to the balustrade and follows the curve of the staircase. Treads and risers are lined with carpet. Natural light enters the stairwell through the large arched leadlight window which is framed by wall mounted Art Deco light fittings. The vaulted ceiling over the stair is simply detailed and forms an archway to the upper vestibule. The upper level vestibule has walls lined with hard plaster and timber-paneling. Plaster ceilings have moulded plaster cornices. Timber skirting boards, architraves architrave blocks are intact throughout the room and all interior timber work and joinery has a varnished finish. Internal openings are generous in height and doors feature tall glazed pivoting fanlights. The first floor offices have varnished joinery including doors, architraves and picture rails and unusual decorative pelmets. Skirtings in these rooms have been painted.</p><br>
<p>The council chamber is a finely detailed room with timber-paneling to the perimeter of the room including columns. Early glass, wall-hung pendant lights remain. Floors are carpeted.</p><br>
<p>The tower is accessed from the first floor via a narrow timber staircase and by timber ladders within the tower itself to the clock and bell chamber. The clock is in working order with faces, featuring Roman numerals, housed in each elevation. Above the clock, a bell chamber contains a bell and hammer. The bell is formed from cast metal and both the bell and the hammer are painted - the crown and yoke are hidden behind a fibrous cement soffit. The bell chamber is screened in each corner by louvred timber panels.</p><br>
<p>Few early furnishings remain in the building apart from honour boards, framed portraits and timber seating in the upper vestibule.</p><br>
<p>Early brick foundations are visible in the basement along with the timber floor boards, joists, posts and beams. Rock formed retaining walls also remain. Walls to the eastern end of the basement are rendered and have concrete slab floor. To the east of the Town Hall is an asphalt carpark where a 1938-39 garage is located. The double garage with gabled roof clad in pre- painted corrugated metal sheeting is contemporary and sympathetic to the Town Hall addition. It has a masonry facade to Caledonian Hill with other walls timber framed and clad in fibrous cement sheet, all with a painted finish. Mown lawns and trimmed hedges address the fiveways intersection which is separated from the building by wrought iron picket fencing and a stand of palm trees. The setting to Caledonian Hill is more utilitarian with a wide paved footpath abutting the building at the boundary line.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s bell tower can be seen from various hillside locations within the town and as such symbolises and reinforces the importance of civic leadership and is a significant landmark in Gympie. The building dominates its site and together with its tall bell tower has a powerful presence in the streetscape. It is a landmark within Gympie and forms part of a majestic group of late 19th century buildings in the town.</p><br>
<h3>Maternal and Child Welfare Clinic</h3><br>
<p>The former Gympie Maternal and Child Welfare Clinic faces north-west onto Mellor Street and is flanked by the entry to the council car park on the northern side and the Town Hall on the southern side. With its symmetrical form and portico derived from a classical temple it displays elements of an Interwar Classical style. It is a single storey reinforced concrete structure with a painted roughcast finish, a multi-hipped roof clad in pre-painted square-fluted sheeting with battened eaves and an original fleche centred along its main ridge.</p><br>
<p>Two concrete steps and a recessed concrete paved portico flanked by four Tuscan columns form the entrance to the building from Mellor Street. Original exterior joinery generally survives to all elevations with original obscure glazing to all fanlights and doors. Windows generally comprise single or paired six-light timber casements with two or four-light fanlights above respectively and timber sills. The bathroom in the south-east corner has a smaller pair of four-light casements. Original doors comprise a six-light French entrance door, a six-light high waist rear door and a four-light high waist female public toilet door, all with four-light fanlights above. Some fanlights have been removed to accommodate air conditioning units with fixed aluminium louvred awnings over and the single casement toilet window on the north-east elevation has been infilled.</p><br>
<p>The building, which in 2011 is the office for Gympie Regional Councils Youth and Community Development, is generally square in plan and symmetrical in layout retaining its original partition walls with rooms opening off each side of the former waiting room and rear corridor. To the left, from front to back, are the former doctors room and treatment rooms; and to the right are the former mothers retiring room, external female public toilet, nurses bedroom/bathroom and kitchen. The former retiring room has been adapted as a store and the toilet remodelled. The nurses bedroom incorporates a large storage cupboard. The kitchen retains its 1960s fitout and the former nurses bathroom with raked ceiling is now used for storage. Most internal doors have been replaced with sliding doors but borrowed lights with obscure glazing remain. Ceiling are lined with fibrous cement sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The ceilings are lined with fibrous cement sheeting and cover strips, decoratively placed. All ceilings retain lattice ventilation panels with some partially concealed by later fluorescent light fittings. Interior walls are a combination of rendered concrete and fibrous cement sheeting.with cover battens Ceilings are fibro with decorative placement of the cover strips, as defined by the original architect&#39;s plans.</p><br>
<p>The former clinic is flanked at the front by a rendered concrete fence with metal balustrade and metal gate on Mellor Street. Entry to the female public toilet is via a timber ramp and landing, accessible through a timber gate from Mellor Street. This ramp is supported by timber posts. A privacy screen of lattice has been erected around the landing. An original enamelled cast iron sink is situated on the landing for hand washing. Under the landing there is access to a storage space under the building. The landing outside the back door also has a lattice screen. Four timber steps descend to a concrete slab. The building retains a cylindrical galvanised iron water tank on a concrete stumped tank stand, located external to the bathroom and kitchen area.</p><br>
<h3>Art Deco Toilet Block</h3><br>
<p>The Art Deco Men&#39;s Toilet Block is located in the northern corner of the reserve and fronts Mellor Street amid an elevated garden bed of native shrubs to the rear and sides at the corner of Alma Street. To the rear of the building is the Town Hall public carpark, the entrance of which is west of the toilet block.</p><br>
<p>The Art Deco Men&#39;s Toilet Block is a small masonry T-shaped building with a stepped parapet concealing gabled roofs clad in corrugated pre- painted metal sheeting. It is constructed of mid-brown face brick on a concrete base and with painted cement rendered banding at shoulder height extending across the parapet at the front and continuous around the building to the fascia board.</p><br>
<p>The Mellor Street elevation comprises two simple entrances at each end beneath a continuous rendered masonry hood. Above the hood, three centrally located vertical fins extend to the top of the parapet between a simple string course above which a short stretcher course of brick is featured in the parapet on either side of the fins. A fluorescent light is located centrally on the horizontal hood below the decorative fins.</p><br>
<p>Openings in the side elevations are limited to two high-level terracotta vents and the rear elevation has a projecting gable with a central vertically aligned window. Each side of the projecting gable is a window of the same dimensions but with a concrete block and breeze block infill. The gable to the main roof has flat sheet cladding with three vertical, decorative timber cover strips.</p><br>
<p>The toilet block comprises two rooms, with both entrances opening into the larger which houses a stainless steel urinal fixed along the front wall of the building. On the opposite wall, to the left of stainless steel hand basin, is the entrance to a single lavatory stall. The lavatory window opening is fitted with a small profile steel window grille providing light and ventilation together with a ventilation screen located above the door head along the length of the stall wall. A box fluorescent light is sited above the hand basin. The interior has painted brickwork walls, a battened fibrous cement sheeted ceiling and a tiled floor. The interior fittings are not regarded as significant.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Gympie Town Hall Reserve Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 August 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As the product of Gympies gold mining and later agricultural settlement, the Gympie Town Hall Complex is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queenslands history. The Town Hall, designed in the mid-1880s and opened in 1890, represents the endurance and continued importance of Gympie to Queensland as a highly profitable gold mining town. The Gympie Town Halls extension in the late 1930s reflects Gympies evolution into the major service town of an economically important dairy and agricultural district for Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The former Gympie Maternal and Child Welfare Clinic (1926) is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland history concerned with improving maternal health, which was part of the Australia-wide movement to educate mothers in infant and domestic hygiene. It is one of ten standard design baby clinics constructed in regional Queensland that resulted from implementation of the Maternity Act 1922, which used funding from the state-operated lottery, the Golden Casket.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Maternal and Child Welfare Clinic, which served the Gympie district for 66 years, is representative of Queensland&#39;s response to the Australia-wide endeavour to reduce infant mortality and improve maternal health during the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>As one of only two known examples, the Art Deco Men&#39;s Toilet Block built in Mellor Street on the Town Hall reserve in the 1920s is a rare example of Art Deco design used for a public toilet block in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Town Hall demonstrates the principal characteristics of a regional town hall. Located in a prominent position near the centre of the town, the Gympie Town Hall is a substantial two-storey building with a dominant clock tower. Its interior includes the council chamber, meeting room, staircase, honour roll and original offices.</p><br>
<p>The original design of the Gympie Town Hall was by Clark Brothers and it is specifically the work of noted architect John James Clark.</p><br>
<p>The former Gympie Maternal and Child Welfare Clinic demonstrates the principal characteristics of the Queensland Department of Works standard design for regional baby clinic buildings in the 1920s. These include a spacious waiting room, doctors room, treatment room, nurses room, bathroom and toilet. Also, the building&#39;s central location in Gympie is typical of the siting of early regional clinics. The integrity of the building has been retained including the original room layout, along with most of the interwar features of the building.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Town Hall Reserve Complex forms a harmonious group around the Gympie Town Hall with the smaller classically inspired Maternal and Child Welfare Building and Art Deco Toilet Block adding visual interest as the group extends along Mellor Street and Caledonian Hill.</p><br>
<p>The elegant, classically inspired Gympie Town Hall stands prominently at the five-ways that terminates Mary Street and the main business district of Gympie. In Gympie&#39;s hilly terrain and irregular road layout, towers such as those of the Gympie Town Hall and Gympie Court House stand as important navigation aids around the city centre. The Gympie Town Hall has aesthetic significance for its classical composition and detailing and for its fine interiors including extensive timber joinery; and decorative plaster work, glazing and terrazzo floors.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Maternal and Child Welfare building has aesthetic significance as a well-designed building with a domestic scale and character appropriate to its function. Notable for its classical temple front, the building makes a pleasing contribution to the streetscape.</p><br>
<p>Surface Hill Uniting Church is a heritage-listed former church at Channon Street, Surface Hill, Gympie, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect Hugo William Du Rietz and built from 1869 to 1937. It is also known as City Church, Surface Hill Methodist Church and Wesleyan/Wesley Church. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 May 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Surface Hill Uniting Church, constructed in 1890 and designed by architect Hugo William Du Rietz, is the third church building to be built on the prominent site on Channon Street at the crest of Surface Hill in Gympie. In August 1868, Wesleyan Methodists erected a bark hut of pole construction on Surface Hill to use as a basic chapel. The Methodists were early in their efforts in establishing a place of worship on the goldfields, the Primitive Methodists had opened the "Digger&#39;s Bethel" only months after James Nash had made his momentous discovery of gold in 1867. Concurrent with building the bark hut, the Wesleyan Methodists were planning the construction of a new and more substantial church, under the auspice of the Maryborough circuit.</p><br>
<p>An early committee resolved to build a new church on the same site and local architect Charles G. Smith was commissioned to prepare drawings for a timber church. The tender was let to John Nesbit and it appears that there was some sort of disagreement between this builder and the architect and the architect&#39;s name was removed from the drawings. Despite this, on Sunday, 4 July, the new church was opened. The building faced on to Reef Street. By October a small three-roomed parsonage was built on the site.</p><br>
<p>The Wesleyans were consolidating their presence in the town, however, uncertainty persisted about the land tenure as the church had been built on land that was held without a proper title. Although the land had been purchased by members of the church committee at a land sale in 1869 and set aside as a church reserve in the first town survey in 1874, it was not officially secured until 1876. It appears that these difficulties were due to the land being under Miner&#39;s Right. Indeed, mining was still taking place all over Surface Hill at this time, a whim is visible in a photo of the opening ceremony of the brick church in 1890 and at several points in time the church had to pay for shafts to be filled in for safety reasons.</p><br>
<p>In 1870, a full-time minister was appointed and two rooms and a verandah were added to the parsonage. By 1879, the parsonage was in a dilapidated condition and fund-raising began for the construction of a new one, which was completed in 1880. In 1889, Mathew Mellor, a prominent member of the congregation and church trustee moved that a new brick church to accommodate 250 people, be erected. Minutes of church meetings indicate that the construction of a more solid church had been in the minds of many members of the congregation for a number of years and suggests "that Gympie was a stable prosperous town, with a stable, committed population, who had enough faith and vision to build for the future." Both the Catholic and Anglican churches also built masonry churches in the town around this time.</p><br>
<p>Local Gympie architect Hugo Du Rietz was commissioned to design the new church and plans were presented to the church trust in July 1889. Du Rietz was born in Sweden and came to Australia in 1852, taking up residence in Gympie around 1867 and staying there until his death in 1908. He was a prolific designer of buildings for the town and "was probably responsible for a number of distinctive local building features, such as ogee-profiled verandah roofs, close-spaced studs with cut-in angle braces and a distinctive colour scheme of cream walls and red roofs."</p><br>
<p>The church was substantial but simple in design. It was to be constructed of brick and rendered in concrete with Gothic detailing. Tenders were called and the lowest tender of a Mr J. McMorrine of £1905 was accepted.</p><br>
<p>A whole series of elaborate celebrations were held to mark the construction of the new church. A stone-laying ceremony was held on 30 January 1890. Eight large foundation stones were laid by prominent members of the congregation, a representative of the local preachers and one of the Sunday school scholars. An earthernware jar was placed under the first stone that was laid and it contained a copy of that days Gympie Times, the previous days Gympie Miner, The Weekly Advocate, The Christian Witness, the circuit plan, a programme of the proposed proceedings of the ceremony, the society ticket for the last quarter (a Methodist membership ticket), a list of the Trustees and officers of the church, a list of the names of the teachers and officers of the Sunday school, the names of the architect, the contractor and an estimate of the cost and fittings of the building. Each stone-layer was presented with a "polished cedar mallet bearing a chaste silver plate beautifully inscribed." One of these is held in the Gympie Historical Museum.</p><br>
<p>On 7 August, the church was officially opened and a dedication service was held. A fine organ was purchased by the church from James Lord, the organist from the Albert Street Methodist Church. The organ, along with the one in the Albert Street church, had been made by George Benson of Manchester, UK, in 1888 and assembled by Benson in Brisbane. The final cost of the building, including seating, architect&#39;s commission, fittings, gas lights, pipe organ, retaining wall, lightning conductors and opening ceremonies was £3137/16/5.</p><br>
<p>The timber church was renovated and used as the Sunday School. The Methodist Church continued to have a solid presence in the town and church news was regularly reported in the Gympie Times and frequently the full text of a sermon would be published. In 1904, the Reverend Harry Youngman addressed the Chinese members of the congregation in their own language, an event which attracted hundreds of people, non-Chinese and non-Methodists alike. Small repairs were carried out on the church, hall and parsonage and it was not until the 1930s that any more substantial work was carried out on the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1937 a representation was made to the state government for the use of relief labour to construct a stone retaining wall along the frontage to Reef and Channon Streets. The church provided materials - a member of the congregation donated the stone and the government paid wages. The job took over eighteen months to complete and was opened by Frank Cooper, the Queensland Treasurer to coincide with the church&#39;s seventieth anniversary. He said at the time that "I believe this wall will speak to you every time you come past it as of honest work earnestly done, it will also look at you (for walls have eyes) and will judge you whether you are doing your part in upholding the ideal for which it stands...it stands in perpetual reminder that work and worship go hand in hand." The relief labour went on to also construct a tennis court, lay paths and grade the church grounds. In the same year, the hall (the old church) was moved across the property and re-located to face Barter Street.</p><br>
<p>A new two storey hall was erected at the eastern end of the site in 1962. The timber parsonage was demolished in 1975 and replaced with a low-set brick building. Restoration work was undertaken on the church from 1977–84 and included work on the stained glass windows, organ and exterior render and ramps were added to the church and hall.</p><br>
<p>In April 2013, the church was sold to a local funeral director with the last service held in the church on 7 April 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Surface Hill Uniting Church is a load-bearing masonry and cement rendered building that sits with a group of other buildings within the Uniting Church precinct on Surface Hill in Gympie. The site also contains a timber hall (the former church, built in 1869), a masonry and fibro hall (1962) and a brick parsonage (1975). The building is an unpretentious interpretation of Gothic style, using Gothic motifs yet simple and restrained in its overall design and composition. The street facade (southern elevation) is the most ornate with towers at each corner, lancet and rose windows and other moulded decorations. The church is rectilinear in form, divided into six bays by stepped buttresses, each bay containing a lancet window. The roof is steeply pitched and clad in colourbonded corrugated steel with lightning conductors at each gable end.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church is also cement-rendered with a decorative cornice and mouldings around the windows and at dado and picture rail height. Engaged columns with decorative capitals mark each of the bays internally. The lofty space of the interior has a vaulted ceiling lined in timber VJ boarding braced with timber ribs and punctuated with ceiling roses with timber fretwork. Light fittings and ceiling fans are suspended from the ceiling on stiff rods. Lancet windows infilled with diamond-patterned leadlight with glass in pale tones are located along the side walls and the southern elevation has an arrangement of four similar windows highset in the wall, flanked by two stained glass rose windows. Most of the windows are now framed in aluminium.</p><br>
<p>The church is entered via two doors which lead into a small, internal porch-like space enclosed with dark stained timber. An Honour Roll is located within this space, alongside a noticeboard and a set of wall- mounted timber cabinets with leadlight doors. Lancet doors are located on both sides of this space. The main part of the church has a raked timber floor and timber pews which have recently been restored. The side aisles are carpeted. A raised platform enclosed with low timber rails at the front of the church is also carpeted, containing a simple timber altar and elders&#39; chairs. A hexagonal timer pulpit is located to the left of the communion table area and is decorated with a timber veneered depiction of the Uniting Church symbol. A recent timber screen separates the raised choir platform and organ loft. Doors are located at either end of this divider and provide access to the choir area and through to the two exit doors at the back of the church. A small library and sink is located on the eastern side of the choir and a vestry area on the west.</p><br>
<p>The fine organ is an outstanding feature of the interior. The pipes of the organ are hand-painted in tones of blue with cream and gold. The organ is framed by a section of wall with a moulded edge and a lancet arch at the top that has been painted tan against the otherwise cream walls and flanked by columns either side.</p><br>
<p>The former church is located at the north west corner of the site and is used as a hall for a range of church and community activities as well as accommodating the parish office. It a small timber building with a steeply pitched roof and a small porch, separately roofed, on the eastern side. The building is set on short concrete stumps and clad in weatherboards that are narrow up to sill height and then standard width above that. Windows are multi-paned casements with lancet arched tops. Gable ends are finished in sheet material decorated with vertical timber strips. The interior is lined with horizontal tongue-in-groove boarding and has an open ceiling with exposed scissor trusses. Some of these have been stiffened with steel rods. A raised stage is to be found at the back of the hall and is framed with a wide moulded timber architrave surmounted by a timber hymnboard. Timber floors are throughout. The office is housed in a hipped roof annexe at the western end of the building, facing Barter street.</p><br>
<p>The site boundary for part of Barter Street and all of Channon and Reef Streets is finished with a squared uncoursed rubble retaining wall. A concrete stair and landing is cut into the wall to provide access to the church.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Surface Hill Uniting Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 May 2003 having satisfied the following criteria:</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Surface Hill Uniting Church, constructed in 1890, is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, representing the rapid growth of the town of Gympie and the establishment and development of religious, social and cultural institutions in the town during the 1880s and 90s as a result of the prosperity of the goldfields. In addition, the church demonstrates the growth and consolidation of the Methodist Church in regional Queensland and local community efforts in meeting their spiritual needs.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Benson organ of Surface Hill Uniting Church demonstrates rare and uncommon aspects of Queensland cultural heritage. One of only two such organs in Queensland, it is a rare example of its age and make and has been kept in its original design and sound.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The stone retaining wall along Reef and Channon Streets is important as an example of work undertaken by relief labour as part of a co-operative scheme between the church and state during the Depression.</p><br>
<p>Surface Hill Uniting Church is a good example of church architecture practiced at the end of the nineteenth century and as an example of the work of Hugo Durietz.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The church has aesthetic significance and has been an important landmark in the Gympie townscape since its construction. It is an imposing building on a prominent site, one of a family of churches located on top of the hills of Gympie. The simple and attractive interior has a number of noteworthy features, in particular the beautiful organ with hand-painted pipes.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Surface Hill Uniting Church has a strong spiritual and social association with the Wesleyan Methodist Circuit and Surface Hill congregation in Gympie as the principal place of worship in Gympie for over 130 years.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has special association with Du Rietz, a local Gympie architect who made a significant contribution to the architectural character of the town.</p><br>
<p>The East Main Street Historic District of Searsport, Maine encompasses an architecturally distinctive collection of five residential properties on United States Route 1 east of the town center. All five houses are at least somewhat Italianate in style, and were built by ship&#39;s captains between about 1860 and 1875. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991; three of the properties are also individually listed.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The East Main Street Historic District extends along United States Route 1, between Black Road to the west and Navy Street to the east. Three of the five houses are set on the north side of the road, while two are on its south side. One of the latter houses has land that extends all the way down to Penobscot Bay; all are set on generously proportioned lots, and form a grouping distinct from the housing on either side.</p><br>
<p>The Capt. John McGilvery House stands at the northeast corner of US 1 and Black Road, set back from the road. It is a three-story wood frame structure, with a mansard roof characteristic of the Second Empire style. The house and its associated carriage barn both have bracketed and denticulated cornices, and have roofs studded with pedimented dormers. McGilvery (1829-1904) was a hugely popular ships captain who is reported to have never lost a vessel. To this houses right stands the Capt. Jonathan C. Nickels House, an Italianate 2-1/2 story house, to which later Stick style and Queen Anne decorations have been applied. Like the McGilvery House, it has paired brackets in the eaves, but Stick style ornamentation has been added to its gables, and its facade has been finished in part in bands of scalloped shingles. Nickels family at one time owned the land on which all five houses were built. Flanking his house to the right is the Capt. William McGilvery House, one of central Maines finest Second Empire mansions. William was one of John&#39;s four brothers, all of whom went to sea; in addition to his seafaring, William was a state legislator and a major shipbuilder and landowner on Penobscot Bay.</p><br>
<p>At the southeast corner of US 1 and Summer Street stands the Capt. Albert V. Nickels House. Built about 1874-75, it is a rambling 2-1/2 story Italianate structure, with Carpenter Gothic bargeboard and other jigsawn decorative elements. Albert Nickels was a brother of Jonathan, and was married to William McGilvery&#39;s daughter Elizabeth. East of his house stands the Capt. John P. Nichols House, a cubical Italianate house with a cupola and a later Colonial Revival entry porch. John Nichols was a nephew of Albert Nickels. His house is also notable as the home of Carleton Bryant, a United States Navy admiral during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The A. B. Seavey House is a historic house at 90 Temple Street in Saco, Maine. Built in 1890, it is one of the city&#39;s finest examples of Queen Anne architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Seavey House is set on the southwest side of Temple Street, in a residential area northwest of Saco&#39;s central business district. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a roughly rectangular footprint, and an attached carriage barn. A three-story octagonal tower projects from the front left corner, rising to a pyramidal roof. A single-story porch extends across the rest of the front facade, featuring turned balusters and posts, with a delicate valance extending across most of its openings. The porch cornice is modillioned (as indeed are most of the other roof lines), and there is a gable marking the entry. The main roof his hipped, with projecting gabled dormers. The exterior walls are finished in a variety of cut and sawn shingling and clapboards. The interior contains high quality and well-preserved woodwork, although other finishes (wallpaper) have been modernized.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1890 for Alton B. Seavey, a local musical instrument salesman. Of particular note for this house is the fact that a complete set of architect&#39;s drawings have survived, showing that most, but not all, of the original plan was followed. The plan called for the construction of two chimneys, but only one (that near the rear) was actually built.</p><br>
<p>Palmaiola is an islet placed in the middle of Piombino Channel, at 3 km from Elba and 7 km from Piombino; it is part of the comune of Rio Marina and is wholly owned by the State.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>In the 14th century it was named Insulam Palmarole because of the abundance of the Mediterranean dwarf palm at that time. Palmaiola has rocky and craggy cliffs and has a triangular shape; it is 461 metres long, 396 metres wide, 85 metres high and has 1.7 km of coast. It is integrated in the European Union Special Protection Area as Site of Community Importance and it is part of the Arcipelago Toscano National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Palmaiola has the advantage of having inaccessible cliffs and a bushy and low vegetation as the garrigue, formed by evergreen plants. Consequently, the European shag, the Scopoli&#39;s shearwater, the Falco peregrinus, and the Audouin&#39;s gull find it a safe place to nest. Another endemic species on the islet is the European leaf-toed gecko.</p><br>
<h2>Palmaiola lighthouse</h2><br>
<p>The Pisans built in 909C.E. a tower restored by the Appiano of the Principality of Piombino in 1534; a new lighthouse and the keeper’s house were built on 15 January 1844 and were operated by the Civil engineering for the Maritime Works; in 1911 it was transferred to the Regia Marina Lighthouse Service. The lighthouse consists of a one-story white building, 14 metres high, surmounted by a quadrangular tower with balcony and lantern situated at a height of 105 metres above sea level. It is fully automated, active and operated by Marina Militare identified by the code number 2016 E.F. Near the building a helipad was erected which is utilized by the Marina Militare EH-101 to fly in regularly the maintenance team. It has a solar power unit and emits an alternating single white flashing in a five seconds period visible up to 10 nautical miles.</p><br>
<p>The Martin Kinsley House is a historic house at 83 Main Road South in the Hampden Highlands village of Hampden, Maine. Built about 1797, it is a well-preserved example of modest Federal period architecture. It is further notable as the home of Martin Kinsley, a prominent local politician who served in the United States Congress. The house, now the museum and headquarters of the Hampden Historical Society, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Kinsley House is set on the east side of Main Road, in the Hampden Highlands village south of Hampden village. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof, two interior chimneys, and chapboard siding. The main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by pilasters and topped by a half-round transom and gabled pediment. The eaves have Italianate double brackets. The main block is only a single room deep, and is extended to the rear by a series of 2-1/2 story ells. A porch extends along the side of the first ell. The interior has modest Federal period woodwork, including the central staircase. Each room (two downstairs and two upstairs) has a Federal period fireplace mantel, and one of the upstairs bedrooms has a pressed tin ceiling. A 19th-century carriage barn stands to the rear of the house.</p><br>
<p>Built about 1797, the house is one of the oldest in Hampden. It was built, probably by a New Hampshire carpenter, for Martin Kinsley, who moved to the area from Hardwick, Massachusetts in that year. Kinsley, a Harvard-educated lawyer, had sympathized with the rebels in the 1786 Shays Rebellion, and apparently moved after being caught up in one of several land speculation scandals in Georgia. Kinsley represented Hampden in the state (then Massachusetts) legislature, and on its Governors Council, and served in the United States Congress 1819-21, just prior to Maine&#39;s statehood.</p><br>
<p>Kinsley&#39;s house was the site of an incident of local lore that occurred during the 1814 Battle of Hampden, part of the War of 1812. Invading British forces supposedly sought to use the house as a headquarters, but were driven off by Mrs. Kinsley, who emptied a chamberpot on their heads.</p><br>
<p>The James Smith Homestead is a historic house on 5 Russell Farm Road in Kennebunk, Maine. Built in 1753, it is one of the few surviving mid-18th century inland farmhouses in the town. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and is included in the Lower Alewive Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The James Smith Homestead is set back from the road on the north side of Russell Farm Road, just north of its junction with Maine State Route 35. Russell Farm Road, now a short road, was laid out in the mid-18th century as part of Emmons Road, which was truncated by the construction of Interstate 95. The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a central chimney, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. The main facade, oriented roughly southwest, is symmetrical, with a center entrance set in an arched opening, flanked by pilasters and topped by a gabled pediment. A 1-1/2 story ell extends to the right, and a barn stands further to the east.</p><br>
<p>James Smith purchased 50 acre of land in this area from Caleb Littlefield in 1753, and built a house soon afterward. The present house has traditionally been ascribed a construction date of 1753, but architectural analysis has revealed that it was more likely built around 1800. It is possible the house incorporates elements of the original structure. The house was owned by four generations of the family. The Lower Alewive area was one Kennebunk&#39;s major agricultural areas in the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Army of the Republic Monument of Judsonia, Arkansas is located in the citys Evergreen Cemetery, on Judson Avenue north of its downtown. The monument consists of a rusticated fieldstone base, on which a cubical stone with inscriptions has been set. This is topped by an obelisk-like tapering marble element with a square cross section, which is topped by a sphere adorned with floral detailing. It is set in a square area 31 ft on each side, in which a number of Union Army soldiers are buried. The monument was placed in 1894 by the local chapter of the Grand Army of the Republic, a Union Army veterans organization. White County, where Judsonia is located, was divided in the war, with men from the county serving on both sides in the conflict.</p><br>
<p>The memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Gray-Kincaid House is a historic house in rural White County, Arkansas. It is located about 0.5 mi southeast of the junction of County Roads 46 and 759, northeast of the small community of Crosby and northwest of Searcy. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, with a side gable roof and board and batten siding. A shed-roof extension extends across the southern facade, while the principal  facade has an entry near its center and four sash windows. A stone chimney rises from the eastern end. The house was built as a traditional dogtrot in about 1910, with an attached rear ell, but the latter was destroyed in a storm in the 1940s, and the dogtrot breezeway has been enclosed, transforming the house into center-hall plan structure.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Scottholm is an historic housing development in the Meadowbrook neighborhood of Syracuse, Onondaga County, New York. It has been registered as a National Historic District. It is bounded by Salt Springs Road on the north; Brookford Road and East Avenue on the east; Meadowbrook Drive on the south; and Scottholm Terrace on the west. Scottholm consists of single‐family homes of varying styles built in the early 20th century. When it was built, Scottholm was marketed to upper middle class and upper class residents. Today, the area attracts a diverse population of white collar, academic, and creative class professionals. Nottingham High School, in the Syracuse City School District, is nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Scottholm Tract Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Scottholm Tract Historic District is a national historic district encompassing 266 contributing buildings, 1 contributing structure, and 1 contributing site in an exclusively residential section of Syracuse. The neighborhood is well regarded for its architectural and landscape diversity. Winding boulevards and tree-lined streets feature noteworthy examples of Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, Mission Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style residential architecture. Scottholm is characterized by its Garden City town planning principles and manicured landscaping.</p><br>
<p>Development of the area began with creation of Genesee Turnpike, now Genesee Street in the 1830s, but what would become “Scottholm Estates” was sketched out in 1914 and lots were sold beginning in 1915. The survey identifies about 30 houses as dating from 1915–1925. Most date from the late 1920s and early 1930s, suggesting the effects of the Depression took a while to be fully felt by Syracuse&#39;s white collar professionals who made up a substantial portion of the neighborhood residents. Some of the houses were designed by local architect Ward Wellington Ward.</p><br>
<p>Scottholm was designed by a landscape architect and planner Arthur C. Comey following the popular ideals for new garden suburbs easily reached by streetcar from urban commercial centers. These new developments, of which Syracuse has several notable examples, are typified by winding streets, mandated setbacks and front yards, organized tree-planting alongside sidewalks, and various protective covenants regarding ownership qualifications. The historic stone gates at the entrances to the Scottholm neighborhood on East Genesee Street remain in place.</p><br>
<p>Located in the district are the separately listed Poehlman House, Sanderson House at 112 Scottholm Terrace, and Sanderson House at 301 Scottholm Boulevard. Other notable buildings include the Scott Family Farmhouse.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Hamilton House is a historic house at 78 South Street in Calais, Maine. Built about 1857, it is a high-style Italianate house, unusual in its sophistication for what was then a remote frontier setting. Thomas Hamilton, the builder, had pretense at grandeur, and his house  became a local landmark known as "Hamilton&#39;s Folly". The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hamilton House is set at the northeast corner of South and Manning Streets, near the eastern edge of Calais&#39; developed residential area. It is a two story wood frame structure, roughly square in shape, with a hip roof that is topped at its center by a full-height monitor section. The walls are finished with clapboards and quoining at the corners, and the eave has Italianate brackets. The main facade, facing southeast, has a single-story porch extending across its width, supported by square posts with elaborate bracketing at their tops, and in the cornice of its hip roof. Window surrounds have lintels with entablature and miniature brackets.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1857, by Thomas Hamilton, a local businessman. Hamilton had apparently met with some success in his business endeavours, for he was able to build this house, acquire fancy dress, and purchased expensive horses and carriages. These costs apparently overextended him financially, for the house was soon mortgaged and lost, and Hamilton is reported to have died in the poor house. In the 20th century the house was owned by Calais Mayor Clarence Beckett, who hosted several Maine governors.</p><br>
<p>The Smith–Emery House is a historic house at 400 Main Street in the Springvale village of Sanford, Maine. Built in 1847, it is one of Sanford&#39;s largest and finest examples of Greek Revival architecture, and was owned by two prominent local businessmen. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Smith–Emery House is set on the north side of Main Street, between it and Springvale&#39;s mill pond. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. A two story ell extends to the rear of the main block, connecting it to a barn that is offset to the right. The main (south-facing) facade is symmmetrically arranged, with the entrance in a projecting gable-roofed vestibule. The entrance is framed by pilasters at the sides and four-light transom window above. The building interior follows a typical center-chimney plan, with a narrow winding stair in the entry, and parlors to either side. Interior finishes are Greek Revival, and fairly modest.</p><br>
<p>The house was built, probably around 1847, for Albert J. Smith, owner of a local hardware business. Smith was also active in local politics, serving as town selectman, treasurer, and deputy sheriff. The house was owned by his son Leander, a butcher, and was sold in 1897 to Samuel Emery, whose family owned it until 1982. Emery sold home furnishings, and in 1899 became owner of the Springvale Cotton Mills. The house is one of the largest and least-altered examples of Greek Revival architecture in the village.</p><br>
<p>The Fite-Williams-Ligon House is a historic mansion in Carthage, Tennessee, USA.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It is located at 212 Fite Avenue West in Carthage, a small town in Smith County, Tennessee. It sits on a bluff half a mile away from the Cumberland River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The two-storey house was built circa 1850. It was designed in the Italianate architectural style, with bricks painted in white and a gable roof. By 1877, a gabled ell and hall were added to the main building. It was remodelled circa 1920.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, the house was used as a hospital for the Union Army. After the war, it belonged to Robert M. King. In 1873, it was purchased by Confederate Colonel John Armenus Fite, who lived there with his wife, two daughters and a black servant. By 1905, the house was acquired by J.W. Williams, the president of the Carthage Packet Company. It was purchased by L.A. Ligon in 1919. After Ligon&#39;s death in 1947, the house was purchased by his daughter Margaret and her husband, J.T. Westmoreland. In 1996, it was purchased by their granddaughter.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 17, 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Cullum Mansion is a historic mansion in Carthage, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The mansion is located at 609 Cullum Street in Carthage, a small town in Smith County, Tennessee. It sits upon a hill close to the main street of Carthage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was completed in 1848. It was designed in the Greek Revival architectural style. It was built for William Cullum, who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1851 to 1855 as a member of the Whig Party.</p><br>
<p>It was purchased by Judge J. T. Fisher in 1898. It was then acquired by Glen Womack in 1925, and by W. W. Chambers in 1926. Four decades later, in 1966, it was purchased by Chesley Richardson, followed by Joel F. Maggart.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural signifiance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since January 4, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Davis-Hull House is a historic house located at 1004 North Main Street in Carthage, Tennessee. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 4, 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The land originally belonged to E. L. Gardenshire. In 1889, it was sold to Calvin N. Davis, who served in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War and later worked as a merchant in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1889, Davis moved to Carthage with his wife and eight children. In Carthage, he was a co-founder of the Rewoda Milling Company and the Carthage Tobacco Works.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after acquiring the land in 1889, Davis built this two-storey house. It was designed in the Victorian architectural style.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by T. P. Bridges in 1900. Four years later, in 1904, it was acquired by J. H. Officer. Officer rented out rooms to Professor W. T. Call and his students at the adjacent Joseph W. Allen School. (The school building was later demolished.)</p><br>
<p>In 1906, the house was purchased by William Hull, the father of Cordell Hull, who served as the United States Secretary of State from 1933 to 1944. However, Secretary Hull only lived there in 1907.</p><br>
<p>By 1914, the house was sold to Arthur H. Hackett. It was purchased by Gladys Hackett Moore in 1920. It was then acquired by his son in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The James Bradley House is a historic house on a Southern plantation in Dixon Springs, Tennessee, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on Lovers Lane in Dixon Springs, a small town in Smith County, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 367-acree plantation belonged to William Sanders, a planter. In the 1790s, James Bradley, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, moved from Caswell County, North Carolina to Smith County, Tennessee, and purchased the plantation from Sanders. Bradley owned 55 African slaves.</p><br>
<p>By 1805, Bradley commissioned the construction of this two-story house in the Federal architectural style. It was built with red bricks, with the green gable roof made with limestone. The roof has a chimney on each side.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural signifiance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since September 18, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Carthage United Methodist Church is a historic church in Carthage, Tennessee, USA.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The church is located at 609 Main Street in Carthage, a small town in Smith County, Tennessee, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church building was completed in 1889. It was designed in the Gothic Revival architectural style. It was built for the Carthage United Methodist Church congregation as its fourth church building. The congregation was established in 1808.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural signifiance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 5, 1985, as a significant example of Gothic Revival Church architecture in Carthage. The church includes a bell town and stained glass lancet windows.</p><br>
<p>The Chenoweth Fort-Springhouse is a historic stone structure near Avoca Road in Middletown, Kentucky. Built about 1786, it is believed to be the oldest standing structure in Jefferson County, and was the site of the Chenoweth Massacre, a 1789 Native American raid during the Northwest Indian War. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Chenoweth Fort-Springhouse is located near an active quarry in northeastern Middletown, in a wooded area off Avoca Road. It is near the junction of two branches of Chenoweth Run, but has been separated from the creek by the road and a railroad spur line. It is a stone structure two stories in height, set on an embankment over a spring. Entrance is achieved either through a ground level entrance on the lower level, or a secondary entrance on the upper level that would have required a plank or other bridging means to access. The interior includes a loft space that is only accessible by ladder, as a defensive measure. The stone of the structure is rubblestone, that has in places been pointed as part of rehabilitation or maintenance.</p><br>
<p>Richard Chenoweth was one of the first white settlers to arrive in what is now Jefferson County, in 1778. He acquired land along the tributaries of Floyd&#39;s Fork in what is now Middletown in 1785, on which he built a frame farmhouse and the springhouse. During the Northwest Indian War, a band of Native Americans attacked his home in what has been termed the Chenoweth Massacre. Both he and his wife were wounded and the farmhouse burned, but they were able to take refuge in the springhouse.</p><br>
<p>The Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation was a plantation on the Altamaha River, in Glynn County, Georgia. It produced rice from 1800 until 1915, when growing rice became unprofitable. Then it was primarily a dairy farm until 1942.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property that would become the Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation was originally named Broadface; in 1806, the land was purchased by William Brailford, who renamed it Broadfield. After he died, the property passed to his son-in-law, Dr. James M. Troup, brother of Governor George Troup. When Troup died in 1849, the plantation was 7,300 acres in size and utilized 357 slaves; the property passed on to his daughter, Ophilia Troup, and her husband, George Dent. The current main house was built in the early 1850s and they added "Hofwyl" to the name about that time.</p><br>
<p>With the outbreak of the American Civil War, George Dent and his 15-year-old son James went to serve in the Confederate Army. Ophilia and her children moved to a refugee camp near Waycross, Georgia. After the war, large parts of the land was sold to pay taxes and by the time James Dent took over the property in 1880, the wealth was gone.</p><br>
<p>When James Dent died in 1913 the family was still in debt. His son, James, and his daughters, Miriam and Ophilia Dent, operated the land as a dairy farm until 1942. At its peak as a dairy farm, it had about 35 cows and produced 100-150 bottles of milk per day. When the dairy was shut down in 1942, the property was finally out of debt. The two sisters (the fifth generation of the family to live there) lived at the house until the last survivor, Ophelia, died in 1973. She left the property to the state of Georgia.</p><br>
<p>Since then, the marsh has reclaimed the rice fields. The plantation site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and is operated as a Georga State Historic Site. The Georgia Department of Natural Resources manages</p><br>
<p>1,268 acres of land and 696 acres of marsh.</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>Hofwyl-Broadfield barn, Glynn County, GA, US.jpgBarn on the plantation</p><br>
<p>Gympie Lands Office is a heritage-listed former court house and public administration building at 26 Channon Street, Gympie, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Queensland Department of Public Works and Queensland Colonial Architect&#39;s Office and built in 1942 by the Department of Public Works, Gympie City Council, Mark Doggett, Andrew Collins, and George Caldwell. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 July 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The second Gympie Court House was built during 1875 and 1876 in Channon Street. The classical revival style brick and stone building was designed by the Colonial Architects Office, and was extended in 1893 to include the Gympie Lands Office. It was the first substantial public building constructed in the town which developed at the site of Queenslands first major productive goldfield. The only known surviving earlier Queensland court houses (purpose-built) are in Ipswich (stone and brick, 1859, Old Ipswich Courthouse) and Toowoomba (its first, brick, 1863, Old Toowoomba Court House). Other known surviving 1870s court houses in Queensland include those in: Maryborough (brick, 1877, Maryborough Courthouse), Port Douglas (timber, 1879, Port Douglas Court House Museum), St Lawrence (timber, 1878, St Lawrence Police Station), Toowoomba (its second, sandstone, 1878, Toowoomba Court House) and Townsville (brick, 1877, Townsville Magistrates Court). Also present on the site, behind the main building, are an 1882 strongroom and a 1942 air raid shelter.</p><br>
<p>Gympie (initially called Nashville) was established after the discovery of gold in October 1867 by James Nash. Although small finds of gold had been made in the region-near Imbil, Black Snake Range, and Nanango, it was the discovery of gold at Gympie in a gully near the Mary River that suddenly changed the fortunes of the region and Queensland. The new gold field established Queensland as a significant gold producer, contributing much needed finances to the young colony. By Christmas of 1867, according to the Gold Commissioner, the Gympie field had a population of 4,000 (or over 15,000 according to James Nash). Although the alluvial deposits were quickly exhausted, from 1868 shallow reef mining occurred. From 1875 a third phase of mining began, based on deep reef mining, which marked a new era of wealth and prosperity for Gympie. Peak gold production occurred in 1903 but by 1927 production at Gympie had almost ceased.</p><br>
<p>As it evolved from a hastily established mining settlement, Gympie developed a distinctive character with an irregular street pattern amid a series of valleys and ridges. Existing buildings and mining homestead leases were accommodated in the first survey of the township in April 1868. Development of roads within the township of Gympie followed the terrain rather than adopting the standard grid pattern that was applied to townships surveyed for settlement, and consequently many roads run along ridgelines with linking roads across valleys and hillsides. The early makeshift structures of 1860s Gympie gradually gave way to more permanent and substantial public and private buildings, including government buildings on Channon Street from the mid 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The first government buildings in Gympie - the Gold Commissioners Office, Powder Magazine and Post Office - were built in 1868. The Gympie Gold Commissioner, Henry Edward King, (also Secretary for Public Works and Mines from November 1874 to May 1876) initially conducted his court in temporary structures, and the first permanent mining court was a slab and shingle-roofed building near Cross Street, northwest of the Surface Hill Uniting Church. A Court of Petty Sessions, Commissioners Camp, Mary River Gold Fields, was proclaimed by the Governor in Council on 20 February 1868, and by 1869 there was a court house at the corner of Duke and Channon Streets, on Commissioners Hill (on the site of the towns third Post Office). The town&#39;s second Post Office was located just northwest of this court house. The 1876 court house (the second Court of Petty Sessions in Gympie) was built on the site of the original police lock-up and stables, on the north side of Channon Street between Duke and King Streets.</p><br>
<p>Planning for this new court house began in 1874. In December of that year EH Harries, a draughtsman with the Colonial Architect&#39;s Office, reported that a new Gympie court house of brick with stone foundations, with a court room 40 feet by 24 feet (12.2 m by 7.3 m) and offices for the Police Magistrate and Clerk of Petty Sessions, would cost around £1,500. Tenders were called on 23 December 1874 and the £1,468 tender of Andrew Collins, a builder from Red Hill, Gympie, was accepted in a Memorandum of Agreement with the Secretary of Public Works (HE King) on 13 March 1875.</p><br>
<p>The designer of the Gympie Court House is unknown. It is not attributed to FDG Stanley (Colonial Architect 1873 to 1881), although it has some stylistic touches in common with his work on the Maryborough Court House (1875-1878) and the third Gympie Post Office (1878-1880). However, it is possible that the Gympie Court House was designed either by EH Harries or by George Connolly. Connolly joined the Colonial Architect&#39;s Office in 1872. Much of his work is derivative of FDG Stanley or John James Clark (Colonial Architect 1883-1885), and his best known designs include the classical revival style Northern Supreme Court at Bowen (1880-1881). The classical revival style was thought to be well suited to those public buildings intended to convey a sense of stability and dignity.</p><br>
<p>The new court house was finished in April 1876. The Brisbane Courier&#39;s Gympie correspondent reported that to celebrate a grand calico ball would be held there on 19 April. The building was described as a substantial, commodious brick edifice which appeared to be fitted up with every convenience suitable to the purpose for which it was designed.</p><br>
<p>However, this was not the case and inadequacies were reported. By June 1876 the building was occupied, but due to a lack of fittings the Police Magistrate had to convey his documents to the old court house. On 1 July 1876 the Brisbane Courier&#39;s Gympie correspondent commented on the bad acoustics of the alcove behind the bench, stating that "sounds as if a multitude of voices were speaking at the one time were heard all over the building, and caused much confusion...directly a word is uttered, it is immediately sucked into the alcove, and smashed into fragments against the walls, the pieces being hurled back at the speaker".</p><br>
<p>Furniture was still a problem in 1881, when a letter of complaint from residents of Gympie noted that there was no provision for seating the public, jurors, suitors or witnesses, and jurors had to use the office of the Clerk of Petty Sessions to confer. A jury room was built on the rear verandah later in 1881. Expenditure on the Gympie court house, as reported by the Department of Public Works in 1891, included: £1,017 in 1875; £674 in 1876; £86 in 1877; £37 in 1881; and £220 (for a strongroom by George Caldwell) in 1882. The strongroom measured 12 feet by 10 feet (3.7 m by 3 m) internally, with 18 inch (457 mm) walls, and it is still extant behind the former court house.</p><br>
<p>In 1888, the layout of the court house included two offices at the southwest end of the building, the corner office on Channon Street being for the Police Magistrate, and the rear corner office was for Clerk of Petty Sessions. There was an area for the judge&#39;s bench between the two offices, and the three spaces each had a door leading to a verandah on the southwest elevation. The separate court and public areas took up the main rectangular space of the building. There were also two offices at the corners of the northeast elevation of the building, with a verandah between them. A portico with pediment stood in the centre of the verandah to the Channon street elevation, and the jury room took up the southwest end of the rear verandah. There were fireplaces with chimneys in each of the four offices, and there was a fleche in the centre of the roof.</p><br>
<p>In early 1891 a jury "escaped" from the jury room, which was too small and hot for 12 men. Its timber walls were also vulnerable to eavesdropping. Two alternative plans were drawn up in October 1892, to provide a room for the use of jurors and two rooms for the Lands Commissioner. The latter had received notice to quit the offices he used at Gympie&#39;s third Post Office. The role of the Lands Department was to open up new land for settlement, and to sell, auction, or lease town, country and suburban land. It was also responsible for occupation licences, rabbit control, weed control and roads in new areas. The first applications for land lodged in the Lands Office in Gympie were in early 1869, and the Lands Office may have operated out of the second Post Office at this time.</p><br>
<p>Another plan was drawn up in November 1892, signed by Alfred Barton Brady, the Government Architect and Engineer for Bridges. This is the plan that was used, and in March 1893 the tender of Mark Doggett of Fortitude Valley in Brisbane, for £535, was accepted by Horace Tozer, Secretary for Public Works and Gympie solicitor. WT Newman carried out the painting at a cost of £35. The brick extension to the south-west included a second room for the Clerk of Petty Sessions (where the old verandah had been), a new room for the Judge and Police Magistrate at the rear, a hallway to Channon Street, a new office for the Lands Commissioner at the rear corner, and a Lands Office in the south-west corner to Channon Street. Doorways from the original south-west elevations corner rooms onto the front and rear verandahs were sealed around this time. A small verandah was located at the rear corner of the new south-west elevation, accessed from both the Land Commissioners office and the Judges room. The old Police Magistrates office was the Clerk of Petty Sessions office by this time, and it was proposed that the original Clerks office would become the new jury room. The 1893 extension includes the door and two windows at the south-west end of the Channon Street elevation of the current building.</p><br>
<p>As a result of pressure for a new court house during the mid 1890s a site on the corner of King and Channon Streets, northeast of the 1876 court house, was purchased in 1899. A new court house was built between 1900 and 1902 for a total of £5 671. Consequently, the 1876 court house became the Lands Office, and £27 for alterations to the Lands Office is noted in the Return of Expenditure on State Public Buildings for the period 1 July 1901 to 30 June 1902.During its time as the Lands Office the former court house housed a number of government organisations, which jostled each other for office space and moved around the various offices in the building. The Geological Survey used the main room in the 1893 extension prior to 1912, and cooking classes were held by the Technical College in two rear rooms of the southwest end of the building up to 1917. The Queensland Government Savings Bank (which merged with the Commonwealth Bank in December 1920) occupied various rooms in the southwest end of the building between 1912 and 1927, competing for space with the Forestry Department, which was present in the building from c.1912 to 1921, and again from 1926. Other tenants over time included the Labour Department (prior to 1919 and again from 1927), the Department of Agriculture and Stock, the Inspector of Machinery, the Inspector of Factories and Shops, and the Agricultural Bank Inspector.</p><br>
<p>In 1919 the occupants of the north-east end of building included: the Lands Office at the northeast end of the old courtroom; the Land Commissioner in the Channon Street corner office; Land Rangers on the enclosed north-east verandah; and the Inspector of Machinery in the rear corner office. There was still a room on the rear verandah. In the south-west end of the building, the Inspector of Factories and Shops occupied the original Channon Street corner office; the Labour Agent occupied the centre office of the 1893 extension; the Forestry Branch used the old rear corner office and the 1893 extension&#39;s rear office; and the Queensland Government Savings Bank occupied the room built for the Lands Office in 1893.</p><br>
<p>During World War II a concrete air raid shelter for 50 persons was built behind the former court house. Constructed by June 1942 by the Department of Public Works, with help from the Gympie City Council, it was intended to shelter civil service personnel and any members of the public who might be nearby during a Japanese air raid.</p><br>
<p>By 1949 the timber store room on the back verandah had been demolished, and in 1950 the air raid shelter was modified for storage use by the Lands Office and the Forestry Office. An internal dividing wall (since removed) and casement windows were added. The fleche on the roof of the former court house was removed about 1951, as it had rotted and was leaking water onto the counter used by the Department of Agriculture and Stock. A new kitchen extension was added to the northwest elevation of the court house some time after 1954.</p><br>
<p>In 2002 the Lands Office building was transferred from the Queensland Government to the Cooloola Shire Council, which made the building available to the Australian Institute of Country Music (AICM). The Apex Club funded the reconstruction of the Lands Office for the AICM, and this work occurred during 2008. As a result, the courtroom became one open space again, and walls were reinstated between the two square rooms towards the southern end of the northwest elevation, and between the vestibule of the 1890s extension and the large room at the southwest end (now a music studio). The doorway between the remnant of the original rear verandah and the original western corner room has been reopened, and a small bathroom (c.1921) off the verandah at the rear corner of the southwest elevation has been converted into an electronic hub room.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site accommodates a number of buildings and structures. This description is concerned with the former court house (and extensions), strongroom and air raid shelter. A modern brick toilet block located behind the court house is not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h3>Former court house (and extensions)</h3><br>
<p>The former court house is a single storey, rectangular, rendered brick building in a classical idiom; the former court house stands prominently to Channon Street, Gympie.</p><br>
<p>On a site sloping down to the south-west, the building is sheltered by a gable roof clad with trimdeck metal sheeting and stands level with the street at the portico/verandah entrance and is elevated above street level at the southern entrance which is approached by concrete steps. Four rendered masonry chimneys project through the roof.</p><br>
<p>Defined vertically by plain pilasters, the elevations are unified by employing semi-circular arched openings, decorative moulded sill strips and projecting window head cornices.</p><br>
<p>The asymmetrical front elevation to Channon Street reflects the 1893 extension to the southwest. The former court house comprises a central pedimented portico flanked by open verandah bays which terminate in the end wings. The bays of the verandah are defined by engaged columns and have horizontal metal tube rails. The wings are each distinguished by a central arched window housing a pair of casement windows and fanlight. The extension to the south-west accommodates an entrance distinguished by a decorative moulded blank fanlight above a double timber door with a flat arch glazed fanlight. The adjacent bay is punctuated by two arched openings housing pairs of casement windows and glazed fanlights.</p><br>
<p>The north-east elevation comprises an enclosed entrance porch flanked by the northern and eastern corner room wings with the whole crowned by a blank pediment. A modern steel awning (not of cultural heritage significance) extends from the entrance porch. The north-west elevation is dominated by the skillion roofed, brick kitchen extension notable for its banks of hopper windows to three sides. The balance of the elevation comprises the north wing, west wing and the extension to the south-west, punctuated by arched openings housing paired casement windows and fanlights sheltered by timber framed hoods. The blank south-west elevation accommodates two arched openings with paired casement windows and fanlights.</p><br>
<p>The former court house area of the building is organised around a central rectangular room with square rooms offset to each corner. A verandah runs along the south-east and a later kitchen extension is to the north-west. The original western and southern corner rooms open into the central room, the northern and eastern corner rooms open to the verandah and enclosed porch which in turn opens into the central room. The central room, lit by clerestorey semi-circular lights to the south-east and rectangular hopper windows to the northwest, is notable for its coved ceiling and a vaulted timber lined alcove to the southwest end. Three arched openings to the verandah accommodate two sets of French windows and a set of paired casements, all with fanlights. Each of the corner rooms accommodates a carved timber fireplace. Throughout the building interior walls are plastered; ceilings are lined with tongue and groove timber boards; and floors are polished timber or carpeted. Original joinery (including fine panelled doors and fanlights, skirtings and architraves) is cedar and floors are of pine. Recent joinery around the building is of Malaysian cedar and floors of blackbean.</p><br>
<p>The southwest extension works off a vestibule which provides access to a large rectangular room to the southwest, the original western and southern corner rooms of the court house and terminates at a square room to the rear of the lands office extension. Evidence remains of the earlier south-west court house entrance porch configuration including the infilled arched doorway into the courtroom.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen, a light and airy rectangular room lit by banks of hopper windows, projects between the original northern and western corner rooms. The roof is framed with steel web trusses, the ceiling lined with fibre cement sheeting and the kitchen fit-out is modern.</p><br>
<h3>Strongroom</h3><br>
<p>The strongroom is a freestanding painted brick building to the north-west of the former court house. Measuring 12 feet (3.72 m) x 10 feet (3.1 m) internally with 18 inch (457.2 mm) thick walls, the building stands on a concrete slab and is sheltered by a gable roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting. A heavy metal entrance door opens into a depressed arch vaulted ceiling space and lit by a narrow rectangular louvered window to the northwest.</p><br>
<h3>Air raid shelter</h3><br>
<p>Butting against the north-east side of the strongroom, the rectangular pill box air raid shelter has off-form concrete blast walls, a concrete slab floor and flat roof. It has entrances at the north-east and south-west ends, each with an open porch sheltered by the cantilevered roof. Only the north-east end retains its interior concrete blast wall, which forms an entrance corridor into the main space of the shelter. The floor and ceiling are coved and there are three openings to the north-west and south-east sides housing pairs of eight-light casement windows. Original toilet cubicles remain at each end of the building. The exterior and parts of the interior are painted. A metal framed communications mast sits on the roof of the shelter, but this is not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Gympie Lands Office was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 July 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the Gympie Court House in 1876 is important in demonstrating the evolution of Gympie, the site of Queensland&#39;s first major productive goldfield, from a shanty town into a permanent settlement. The alluvial gold deposits discovered in 1867 had been exhausted by the 1870s, and shallow reef mining had begun.</p><br>
<p>The former Gympie Court House is the first substantial masonry public building erected in Gympie and is one of the oldest extant buildings in the city. The place is also the third-oldest known surviving court house building in Queensland. It replaced an adjacent timber court house, and represented the growing town&#39;s need for impressive justice buildings to project an image of stability.</p><br>
<p>The World War II air raid shelter, constructed behind the main building in mid 1942, demonstrates the Queensland government&#39;s response to the threat of Japanese air raids, and its policy of building shelters for civil servants so that government could continue to function after an air attack.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Important for its association with the Air Raid Precaution (ARP) activities undertaken for the protection of the civil service, the air raid shelter is a rare surviving example of a shelter associated with a public building and is an uncommon surviving example of an ARP structure built during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Standing within a precinct of government buildings near the corner of Duke and Channon Streets on Commissioner&#39;s Hill, and retaining major design elements of a court house (central courtroom, associated offices and separated entrances), the former Gympie Court House is important in demonstrating the layout and siting of a 19th-century court house. It was extended to include a Lands Office in 1893, and ceased to function as a court house.</p><br>
<p>A single room structure with thick, solid brick walls and a heavy metal door, the strongroom behind the main building is a good example of a secure storage vault.</p><br>
<p>Retaining its context and the major design elements of an air raid shelter (rectangular in plan, reinforced concrete roof and external and internal blast walls, two entrances to the same side and toilet cubicles), the air raid shelter is important in demonstrating the layout, operation and siting of structures in the ARP system.</p><br>
